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<title>ÁÖ¼Ò·Ï ±âº» ¼³°è¼­ <author>wsong<htmlurl url="Mwsong@gmail.com" name="wsong@gmail.com"> <tdate>2008³â 9¿ù 4ÀÏ <abstract>


</abstract> <toc>

<sect> ¼­¹®<p>

<sect1> ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀ̼ÇÀÇ ¸ñÀû<p> ÀÌ ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀ̼ÇÀº ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹ÖÀÇ ¿¬½ÀÀ» À§ÇØ ÀÛ¼ºµÈ´Ù. ÁÖ¼Ò·ÏÀÇ ±â´ÉÀº ÄÜ¼Ö È­¸é¿¡¼­ µ¿ÀÛÇÑ´Ù.

<sect1> °³¹ß Ç÷§Æû<p> µ¿ÀÏ ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀ̼ÇÀ» ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ç÷§Æû¿ëÀ¸·Î ÄÁ¹öÁ¯ÇÑ´Ù.ù¹öÀüÀÇ ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀ̼ÇÀº Linux¿ëÀ̸ç, gccÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ÄÄÆÄÀÏ µÉ°ÍÀÌ´Ù.Solarisȯ°æÀ» ¿¡¼­´Â Sun gccÄÄÆÄÀÏÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç, Windows¿¡¼­´Â Visual Studio¸¦ °³¹ßȯ°æÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

<sect> ÀÛ¼ºÀÇ È帧<p>

<sect1> LINUX ȯ°æȣȯ ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ÀÛ¼º<p>

<sect1> SOLARIS ȯ°æȣȯ ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ÀÛ¼º<p>

<sect1> WINDOWS ȯ°æȣȯ ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ÀÛ¼º<p>


<itemize> <item> ¾î¶² ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀº ÇϳªÀÇ Á¦¾î È帧 º¸´Ù´Â ¼­·Î Åë½ÅÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯
¾²·¹µå·Î ÀÛ¼ºµÉ ¶§¸¸ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¼º´ÉÀ» ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (Áï, ¼­¹öµé)

<item> ´ÙÁß ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­, ¾²·¹µåµéÀº ¿©·¯ ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­»ó¿¡¼­ º´·ÄÀû
À¸·Î ¼öÇàµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ÇÑ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­¿¡ ÀÛ¾÷À» ºÐ¹èÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº ÇÑ ¹ø¿¡ ÇÑ CPU¸¸À» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ÜÀÏ ¾²·¹µå ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ º¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ºü¸£´Ù.


</itemize> <sect1> ¿øÀÚ¼º(atomicity)°ú Èֹ߼º(volatility) <p>

¾²·¹µå¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °øÀ¯µÇ´Â ¸Þ¸ð¸®¸¦ Á¢±ÙÇÏ´Â µ¥´Â ´õ ÁÖÀÇ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. º´·Ä ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Áö¿ª ¸Þ¸ð¸®Ã³·³ °øÀ¯ ¸Þ¸ð¸® °´Ã¼¸¦ Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

¿øÀÚ¼º(atomicity)´Â ¾î¶² °´Ã¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬»êÀº ºÐ¸®µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â, ÀÎÅÍ·´Æ® µÇ´Â ¾Ê´Â °úÁ¤À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®¾ß µÇ´Ù´Â °³³äÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. °øÀ¯ ¸Þ¸ð¸®»óÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬»êÀº ¿øÀÚÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ GCC ÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯ ´Â Á¾Á¾ ·¹Áö½ºÅÍ¿¡ °øÀ¯ º¯¼öµéÀÇ °ªÀ» ¹öÆÛ¸µÇÏ´Â ÃÖÀûÈ­¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÒ °Í ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸Þ¸ð¸® ¿¬»êÀ» ÇÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ¶óµµ ¸ðµç ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­°¡ °øÀ¯ µ¥ÀÌÅÍÀÇ °ªÀÌ º¯°æµÈ °ÍÀº ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

·¹Áö½ºÅÍ¿¡ °øÀ¯ ¸Þ¸ð¸®ÀÇ °ªÀ» ¹öÆÛ¸µÇÏ´Â GCCÀÇ ÃÖÀûÈ­¸¦ ¸·±â À§ÇØ °øÀ¯ ¸Þ¸ð¸® »óÀÇ ¸ðµç °´Ã¼´Â volatile ¼Ó¼ºÀÇ Å¸ÀÔÀ¸·Î ¼±¾ðµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ü ÇÑ wordÀÇ volatile °´Ã¼¸¦ ÀÐ°í ¾µ´Â °ÍÀº ¿øÀÚÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾î Áö±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.


<sect1> Lock (Àá±Ý) <p>

°á°ú°ªÀ» Àоî¿À±â ÀúÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº µ¶¸³µÈ ¸Þ¸ð¸® ¿¬»êÀÌ´Ù: ++iÀº Ç×»ó °øÀ¯ ¸Þ¸ð¸® »óÀÇ iÀ» 1¸¸Å­ Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°Áö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. µÎ ¿¬»ê »çÀÌ¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­°¡ iÀ» Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ µÎ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º°¡ µÑ ´Ù ++iÀ» ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù¸é 2°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ 1¸¸À» Áõ°¡µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

±×·¡¼­ ÇÑ ¾²·¹µå°¡ º¯¼öÀÇ °ªÀ» ¹Ù²Ù´Â µ¿¾ÈÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¾²·¹µå°¡ ±× º¯¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ÇÏ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÄÝÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¾Æ·¡ ¼³¸íÇÑ lock ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ±¸ÇöµÈ´Ù. °øÀ¯ º¯¼öÀÇ °ªÀ» ¹Ù²Ù´Â ·çƾÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â µÎ ¾²·¹µå°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤À» ÇÏÀÚ. ±× ·çƾÀÌ Á¤È®ÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ ¾ò±â À§Çؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

<itemize> <item> i º¯¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ lockÀ» °Ç´Ù. <item> Àá±ä º¯¼öÀÇ °ªÀ» ¼öÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. <item> lockÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÑ´Ù. </itemize>

ÇÑ º¯¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ lockÀÌ °É¸± ¶§ ±× lockÀ» °Ç ¾²·¹µå¸¸ÀÌ ±× °ªÀ» ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Àá±Ù ¶§¹®¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¾²·¹µåµéÀº ºí·°ÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑ º¯¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ´Â ÇÑ ¹ø¿¡ ÇϳªÀÇ lock¸¸ÀÌ Çã¿ëµÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¤½Ã¹¹ø° ¾²·¹µå°¡ lock À» Á¦°ÅÇÒ ¶§¸¸ µÎ¹ø° ¾²·¹µå°¡ lockÀ» °É ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±× °á°ú °øÀ¯ º¯¼ö¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´Ù¸¥ ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­µéÀÇ È°µ¿À» ´À¸®°Ô ÇÒ Áöµµ ¸ðµç´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÂüÁ¶´Â Áö¿ª ij½Ã¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù.


<sect> ±×¸®°í ¾à°£ÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦<p>


<sect1> pthread.h Çì´õ <p>

LinuxThreads°¡ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾²·¹µå ·çƾµéÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÅäŸÀÔÀ» ¼±¾ðÇÏ´Â <file>/usr/include/pthread.h</> Çì´õ¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­ ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

´ÙÁß ¾²·¹µå ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ ÀÛ¼ºÀº ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î µÎ ´Ü°èÀÇ °úÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù:

<itemize> <item> °øÀ¯ º¯¼öµé¿¡ lockÀ» °É°í ¾²·¹µå¸¦ ¸¸µé±â À§ÇÑ pthread ·çƾµéÀ»
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
<item> ¾²·¹µå ¼­ºê ·çƾ¿¡ ³Ñ°Ü¾ß ÇÒ ¸ð¸¥ ÀÎÀÚµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ±¸Á¶Ã¼¸¦
¸¸µç´Ù.
</itemize>

¸î °¡Áö ±âº»ÀûÀÎ pthread.hÀÇ ·çƾµéÀ» °£´ÜÈ÷ ¼³¸íÇϸ鼭 ÀÌ µÎ ´Ü°è¸¦ ½ÇÆ캸ÀÚ.

<sect1> lockÀÇ ÃʱâÈ­ <p>

Çؾ߸¸ Çϴ ù¹ø° Çൿµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Â ¸ðµç lockµéÀ» ÃʱâÈ­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. POSIX lockµéÀº pthread_mutex_t ŸÀÔÀÇ º¯¼ö·Î ¼±¾ðµÈ´Ù; °¢
lockÀ» ÃʱâÈ­Çϱâ À§Çã ´ÙÀ½ ·çƾÀ» È£ÃâÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù:

<tscreen><verb> int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *mutex, const pthread _mutexattr_t *mutexattr); </verb></tscreen>

¹­¾î¼­ º¸¸é:

<tscreen><verb> #include <pthread.h> ...
pthread_mutex_t lock; pthread_mutex_init(&lock, NULL);
... </verb></tscreen>

pthread_mutex_init ÇÔ¼ö´Â mutex ÀÎÀÚ°¡ °¡1¸£Å°´Â mutex °´Ã¼¸¦ mutexattr¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸í½ÃµÈ mutex ¼Ó¼º¿¡ µû¶ó ÃʱâÈ­¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù. mutexattrÀÇ NULLÀ̸é, µðÆúÆ® ¼Ó¼ºÀÌ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.

°è¼ÓÇì¼­ ÀÌ ÃʱâÈ­µÈ lockµéÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô »ç¿ëÇÏ´ÂÁö º¸°Ú´Ù.


<sect1> ¾²·¹µå »ý¼ºÇϱâ <p>

POSIX´Â °¢ ¾²·¹µå¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»±â À§ÇØ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ pthread_t ŸÀÔÀÇ º¯¼ö¸¦ ¼±¾ðÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ È£Ãâ·Î ¾²·¹µå°¡ »ý¼ºµÈ´Ù:

<tscreen><verb> int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, pthread_attr_t *attr, void *(*start_routine)(void *), void *arg); </verb></tscreen>

¼º°øÇÑ´Ù¸é »õ·ÎÀÌ »ý¼ºµÈ ¾²·¹µåÀÇ id°¡ thread ÀÎÀÚ°¡ Áö½ÃÇÑ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ Á¤ÀåÀÌ µÇ°í 0ÀÎ ¸®ÅϵȴÙ. ¿¡·¯°¡ ¹ß»ýÇϸé 0ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ °ªÀÌ ¸®ÅϵȴÙ.

f() ·çƾÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¾²·¹µå¸¦ ¸¸µé°í f()¿¡ arg º¯¼ö¸¦ °¡¸£Å°´Â Æ÷ÀÌÅÍ ¸¦ ³Ñ±â±â À§Çؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÇÑ´Ù:

<tscreen><verb> #include <pthread.h> ...
pthread_t thread; pthread_create(&thread, NULL, f, &arg).
... </verb></tscreen>

f() ·çºóÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÇÁ·ÎÅäŸÀÔÀ» °¡Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù:

<tscreen><verb> void *f(void *arg); </verb></tscreen>


<sect1> ±ú²ýÇÑ Á¾·á <p>

¸¶Áö¸· ´Ü°è·Î f() ·çƾÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ Á¢±ÙÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ¸¸µç ¸ðµç ¾²·¹µå°¡ Á¾·á ÇÒ ¶§±îÁö ±â´Ù·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½À» È£ÃâÇÑ´Ù:

<tscreen><verb> int pthread_join(pthread_t th, void **thread_return); </verb></tscreen>

th°¡ °¡¸£Å°´Â ¾²·¹µå°¡ Á¾·áÇÒ ¶§±îÁö À§ÀÇ ÇÔ¼ö¸¦ È£ÃâÇÑ ¾²·¹µåÀÇ ¼öÇà À» ¸ØÃá´Ù. ¸¸¾à thread_returnÀÌ NULLÀ̴ϸé thÀÇ ¸®ÅÏ°ªÀº thread_returnÀÌ °¡¸®Å° ´Â ¿µ¿ª¿¡ ÀúÀåµÈ´Ù.


<sect1> ¾²·¹µå ·çƾ¿¡ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ Àü´ÞÇϱâ <p>

È£ÃâÇÑ ·çƾÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾²·¹µå ·çƾ¿¡ ³Ñ±â´Â µÎ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù:

<itemize> <item> Àü¿ª º¯¼ö <item> ±¸Á¶Ã¼ </itemize>

µÎ¹ø° °ÍÀÌ ÄÚµåÀÇ ¸ðµâ¼ºÀ» º¸ÀüÇÏ´Â µ¥ °¡Àå ÁÁÀº ¼±ÅÃÀÌ´Ù. ±¸Á¦Ã¼´Â ¼¼ °¡Áö ´Ü°èÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; ù°·Î °øÀ¯ º¯¼öµé°ú lockµé¿¡ °üÇÑ Á¤º¸, µÎ¹ø°·Î ·çƾ¿¡¼­ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç µ¥ÀÌÅÍ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸, ¼¼¹ø°·Î ¾²·¡µé¸¦ ±¸ºÐÇØÁÖ´Â id¿Í ¾²·¹µå°¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â CPUÀÇ ¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸ (·±Å¸ÀÓ¿¡ ÀÌ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ½±´Ù). ±¸Á¶Ã¼ÀÇ Ã¹¹ø° ¿ä¼ÒÀ» »ìÆ캸ÀÚ; ³Ñ°ÜÁø Á¤º¸´Â ¸ðµç ¾²·¹µåµé »çÀÌÀÇ °øÀ¯µµ´Í °ÍÀÌ ¾î¾ßÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ º¯¼öµé°ú lockµéÀÇ Æ÷ÀÎÅ͸¦ »ç¿ë ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. double ŸÀÔÀÇ °øÀ¯ º¯¼ö var¿Í ±× ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ lockÀ» ³Ñ±â±â À§ÇØ ±¸Á¶Ã¼´Â µÎ ¸â¹ö º¯¼ö¸¦ °¡Á®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù:

<tscreen><verb> double volatile *var; pthread_mutex_t *var_lock; </verb></tscreen>

volatile ¼Ó¼ºÀÇ »ç¿ë À§Ä¡¿¡ ÁÖ¸ñÇ϶ó. ÀÌ´Â Æ÷ÀÎÅÍ ÀÚü°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó var°¡ volatileÀÓÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.


<sect1> º´·Ä ÄÚµåÀÇ ¿¹ <p>

¾²·¡µé¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ½±°Ô º´·ÄÈ­¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ ¿¹´Â µÎ º¤ÅÍÀÇ ½ºÄ®¶óÄÚ°öÀ» °è»êÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖ¼®À» ºÙÀÎ Äڵ带 Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù.

<tscreen><verb> /* ÄÄÆÄÀÏ ÇÏ·Á¸é gcc -D_REENTRANT -lpthread */

#include <stdio.h> #include <pthread.h>

/* ¾Ë¸ÂÀº ±¸Á¶Ã¼ ¼±¾ð */ typedef struct {
double volatile *p_s; /* ½ºÄ®¶ó °öÀÇ °øÀ¯ º¯¼ö */ pthread_mutex_t *p_s_lock; /* º¯¼ö sÀÇ lock */ int n; /* ¾²·¹µåÀÇ ¼ö */ int nproc; /* ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­ÀÇ ¼ö */ double *x; /* ù¹ø° º¤ÅÍÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ */ double *y; /* µÎ¹ø° º¤ÅÍÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ */ int l; /* º¤ÅÍÀÇ ±æÀÌ */
} DATA;

void *SMP_scalprod(void *arg) {
register double localsum; long i; DATA D = *(DATA *)arg;

localsum = 0.0;

/* °¢ ¾²·¹µå´Â i = D.n¿¡¼­ ºÎÅÍ ½ºÄ®¶ó °öÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù.
D.n = 1, 2, ... D.nproc °ªÀ» °®´Â´Ù. Á¤È®È÷ D.nproc°³ÀÇ ¾²·¹µå°¡ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ iÀÇ Áõ°¡ °°Àº D.nprocÀÌ´Ù. */

for(i = D.n; i < D.l; i += D.nproc) localsum += D.xi*D.yi;

/* s¿¡ ´ëÇÑ lockÀ» °Ç´Ù ... */ pthread_mutex_lock(D.p_s_lock);

/* ... sÀÇ °ªÀ» ¹Ù²Û´Ù. ... */
  • (D.p_s) += localsum;

    /* ... ±×¸®°í lock¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÑ´Ù. */ pthread_mutex_unlock(D.p_s_lock);

    return NULL;
}

#define L 9 /* º¤ÅÍÀÇ Â÷¿ø */

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
pthread_t *thread; void *retval; int cpu, i; DATA *A; volatile double s = 0; /* °øÀ¯ º¯¼ö */ pthread_mutex_t s_lock; double xL, yL;

if (argc != 2) {
printf("usage: %s <number of CPU>\n", argv0); exit(1);
}
cpu = atoi(argv1); thread = (pthread_t *) calloc(cpu, sizeof(pthread_t)); A = (DATA *) calloc(cpu, sizeof(DATA));

for (i = 0; i < L; i++) xi = yi = i;

/* lock º¯¼ö¸¦ ÃʱâÈ­ÇÑ´Ù. */ pthread_mutex_init(&s_lock, NULL);

for (i = 0; i < cpu; i++) {
/* ±¸Á¶Ã¼¸¦ ÃʱâÈ­ÇÑ´Ù. */ Ai.n = i; /* ¾²·¹µåÀÇ ¼ö */ Ai.x = x; Ai.y = y; Ai.l = L; Ai.nproc = cpu; /* CPUÀÇ ¼ö */ Ai.p_s = &s; Ai.p_s_lock = &s_lock;

if (pthread_create(&threadi, NULL, SMP_scalprod,
&Ai)) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s: cannot make thread\n",
argv0);
exit(1);
}
}

for (i = 0; i < cpu; i++) {
if (pthread_join(threadi, &retval)) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s: cannot join thread\n",
argv0);
exit(1);
}
}

printf("s = %f\n", s); exit(0);
} </verb></tscreen>



</article>

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