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Linuxdoc Sgml/COCOA_Beowulf_Cluster_FAQ-TRANS

COCOA Beowulf Cluster FAQ

COCOA Beowulf Cluster FAQ

Anirudh Modi anirudh-modi@psu.edu

Version 0.1.2 1999³â 6¿ù 2ÀÏ ¹ø¿ªÀÚ: ¾ç À¯ ¼º, yooseong@kldp.org ¹ø¿ªÀÏ: 2000³â 3¿ù 17ÀÏ
ÀÌ ¹®¼­´Â Beowulf·ùÀÇ ¼öÆÛÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ¸¸µé°íÀÚ ÇÒ ¶§ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¹æÇâÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®  ´Â ±¸Á¶ÀûÀÎ ¸î¸î Ãø¸éÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏÁö¸¸ ÁÖ·Î ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦ÀÇ ¼³Ä¡¿Í À¯Áö¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ HOWTO´Â diskless Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ºÎºÐ°ú Ŭ·¯½ºÅ͸¦ ¸¸µé°í ºü¸£°Ô ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ HOWTO´Â ·¹µåÇÞ ¸®´ª½º 5.2¿Í Ä¿³Î 2.0.xÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

1. °³¿ä

¹«¾ùÀÌ COCOAÀΰ¡?

COCOA´Â COst effective COmputing ArrayÀÇ ¾àÀڷμ­ Beowulf ºÎ·ùÀÇ ¼öÆÛÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Beowulf´Â º´·Ä󸮿¡ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ÙÁß ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ±¸Á¶¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ¼­¹ö³ëµå¿Í ÀÌ´õ³Ý Ä«µå³ª ´Ù¸¥ ºü¸¥ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©·Î ¿¬°áµÈ Çϳª ÀÌ»óÀÇ Å¬¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ³ëµåµé·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®ÀÖ´Ù. »ó¿ëÈ­µÇ¾î Àִ ǥÁØ ÀÌ´õ³Ý ¾î´ðÅÍ¿Í ½ºÀ§Ä¡¸¦ ÀåÂøÇÑ µ¥½ºÅ©Å¾ PC¿Í °°Àº »ó¿ë Çϵå¿þ¾î¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ±¸ÃàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »ó¿ëÈ­ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Çϵå¿þ¾î¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ½±°Ô Á¦ÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. http://cocoa.ihpca.psu.edu/

COCOA¸¦ ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ ¾î¶°ÇÑ Çϵå¿þ¾î°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ°¡?

Dell http://www.dell.com¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Â 26 WS-410 ¿öÅ©½ºÅ×À̼ǵéÀε¥, ±¸¼º¿ä¼Ò´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

  1. Dual 400 MHz Intel Pentium II Processors w/512K L2 cache
  2. 512 MB SDRAM
  3. 4 GB UW-SCSI2 Disk
  4. 3COM 3c509B Fast Ethernet adapter (100 Mbits/sec)
  5. 32x SCSI CD-ROM drive
  6. 1.44 MB floppy drive
  7. Cables

Ãß°¡·Î ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ³»¿ëµµ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù:

  1. ÇÑ°³ÀÇ Baynetworks 450T 24-way 100 Mbits/sec switch
  2. µÎ°³ÀÇ 12-way ¸ð´ÏÅÍ/Å°º¸µå/¸¶¿ì½º switches
  3. 4°³ÀÇ 500 kVa Uninterruptible Power Supplies from APC
  4. ÇÑ°³ÀÇ ¸ð´ÏÅÍ, Å°º¸µå, ¸¶¿ì½º¿Í ¼­¹ö ³ëµå¿¡ ¿¬°áÇÑ 54 GBÀÇ UW-SCSI2 ÇÏµå µð½ºÅ©

COCOAÀÇ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?

Linux! Ưº°È÷ ·¹µåÇÞ ¸®´ª½º 5.1À» »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. http://www.redhat.com¸®´ª½º´Â ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦ÀÌ°í ¸ðµç i386°ú ȣȯµÇ´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡¼­ ÀÛµ¿ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.(Áö±ÝÀº PowerPC, Alpha, Sparc, Mips, Ataris¿Í Amigas¿¡¼­µµ ÀÛµ¿ÇÑ´Ù.) ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³ÎÀº Linus Torvalds torvalds@transmeta.com°ú ´Ù¸¥ ÀÚ¿øºÀ»çÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾î Á³´Ù. ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ ±¸µ¿µÇ´Â ¿©·¯ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î À¯´Ð½º ÇÁ¸®¿þ¾îÀÌ¸ç ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì GNU ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡¼­ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³´Ù.

COCOA¿¡´Â ¾î¶² ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î°¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾ú³ª?

¼­¹ö¿¡´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î°¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾ú´Ù.

  1. ·¹µåÇÞ 5.1¿¡¼­ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ±âº» ²Ù·¯¹Ìµé http://www.redhat.com
  2. GNU C/C++ ÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯¿Í ÆæƼ¾ö¿¡¼­ ÃÖÀûÈ­µÈ GNU C/C++ ÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯ (gcc, pgcc)
  3. Fortran 77/90 ÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯¿Í Portland ±×·ìÀÌ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â µð¹ö°Å
  4. C/C++, Fortran77/90¿¡¼­ º´·Ä󸮸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ¸¸µé¾îÁÖ´Â Message Passing Interface (MPI) ¶óÀ̺귯¸®
  5. Amtec Corporation http://www.amtec.com¿¡¼­ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â TECPLOT¶ó´Â Scientific Visulaization ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î

COCOA´Â ¾ó¸¶Àΰ¡?

´ë·« 100,000ºÒÀÌ´Ù.

2. COCOAÁ¦ÀÛ¿¡ °üÇÑ »ó¼¼»çÇ×

2.1 Çϵå¿þ¾î ¼³Ä¡

Çϵå¿þ¾î¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °£´ÜÈ÷ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÁÖ¿ä°úÁ¤Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:

  1. »ç¿ëÇÒ ¸Ó½ÅµéÀ» ¹Ú½º¿¡¼­ ²¨³»¼­ ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ·¢¿¡ Áý¾î ³Ö°í ¹øÈ£¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
  2. 24-Æ÷Æ® ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ½ºÀ§Ä¡¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í 10Mbit Æ÷Æ®Áß¿¡ Çϳª¸¦ ¼­¹öÀÇ µÎ¹ø° ÀÌ´õ³Ý ¾î´ðÅÍ¿¡ ¿¬°áÇÏ¿© »ç¼³ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù. ³ª¸ÓÁö 23°³ÀÇ Æ÷Æ®´Â Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ÀÌ´õ³Ý ¾î´ðÅÍ¿¡ ¿¬°áÇÑ´Ù. 2°³ÀÇ Æ÷Æ®¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Â È®Àå Ä«µå¸¦ ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â 2°³ÀÇ Å¬¶óÀ̾ðÆ®¸¦ ¿¬°áÇÒ ½ºÀ§Ä¡¿¡ Ãß°¡ÇÑ´Ù.
  3. 16-way ¸ð´ÏÅÍ/Å°º¸µå¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í È­¸éÃâ·Â ºÎºÐ°ú 25°³ ¸Ó½ÅÀÇ °¢°¢ÀÇ Å°º¸µå ÄÉÀ̺íÀ» ¿¬°áÇÏ°í ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¿¬°áÇÑ´Ù.
  4. 4°³ÀÇ UPS¿¡ ÆÄ¿ö¸¦ ¿¬°áÇÑ´Ù.

2.2 ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î ¼³Ä¡

¿©±â¼­ ºÎÅÍ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ÀÛ¾÷¿¡ µé¾î°©´Ï´Ù! ÁÖ¿ä°úÁ¤:

  1. ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¿ì¼± ¼³Ä¡ÇÑ´Ù. ·¹µåÇÞ 5.1À» CD-ROMÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¼³Ä¡ÇÑ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Çϵå¿þ¾î´Â ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î °¨ÁöµÇ¸ç (³×Æ®¿öÅ© Ä«µå¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©) Áß¿äÇÑ Á¡Àº µå¶óÀ̺긦 ºÐÇÒÇÏ°í ¼³Ä¡¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ²Ù·¯¹Ì¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù. 3 GB root ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÆÄÀÏ »ý¼º°ú ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ÆÐÅ°Áö¸¦ À§ÇØ ¸¸µé¾î µÐ´Ù. µÎ°³ÀÇ 128 MBÀÇ ½º¿Ò ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» »ý¼º½ÃÅ°°í ³ª¸ÓÁö 50 GB´Â ¿©·¯»ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇØ ³²°ÜµÐ´Ù. /tmp¸¦ À§ÇØ 1 GB¸¦ ÇÒ´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀº »ý°¢À̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ³ªÁß¿¡ ±ú´ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
  2. ÃÖ½ÅÀÇ ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³Î(¿©±â¼­´Â #2.0.36)À» ³»·Á¹ÞÀº ÈÄ ÆæƼ¾ö GNU CC ÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯ pgcc http://www.goof.com/pcg/ ( ÆæƼ¾ö II¿¡ ÃÖÀûÈ­µÈ Äڵ带 »ý¼º½ÃÅ´)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© SMP Áö¿ø°ú Çϵå¿þ¾î¿¡ ¾Ë¸ÂÀº ¼±ÅûçÇ×À» °í·ÁÇÏ¿© Ä¿³ÎÀ» ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÑ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ÃÖÀûÈ­ ¼±ÅûçÇ×µéÀÌ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù: pgcc -mpentiumpro -06-fno-inline-functions SMP Áö¿øÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Ä¿³Î ¼³Á¤ ¸Þ´º¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Processor type and features¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹öÆ°À» »ç¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.( make xconfig¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇϸ鼭 ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ.
  3. ¸®´ª½º¸¦ À§ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î Ä¿³Î-°ø°£ NFS ¼­¹ö (knfsd) http://www.csua.berkeley.edu/~gam3/knfsd/°¡ Çâ»óµÈ NFS ¼º´ÉÀ» ¾ò±âÀ§ÇØ ±×Àü¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾ú´ø »ç¿ëÀÚ-°ø°£ NFS ¼­¹ö¸¦ ´ëüÇÏ¿© ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ºü¸¥ ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ·¹µåÇÞ RPM ²Ù·¯¹Ì¸¦ http://rufus.w3.org/linux/RPM/¿¡¼­ ±¸ÇÏ¿© ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. µðÆúÆ® ¼±ÅûçÇ×ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.
  4. ssh´Â http://www.cs.hut.fi/ssh/¿¡¼­ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÏ¿© ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (¿ÜºÎ·Î ºÎÅÍÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ Á¢¼ÓÀ» À§Çؼ­) ssh-1.2.26´Â ssh-2.0.11º¸´Ù ¼±È£µÈ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ssh v2.x´Â ¿ª¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ȣȯ¼ºÀÌ ¾øÀ»»Ó´õ·¯ ¸¹ÀÌ ´À¸®±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. sshd µ¥¸óÀº /etc/rc.d/rc3.d¿¡¼­ runlevel 3¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ssh·¹µåÇÞ RPMÀÌ http://rufus.w3.org/linux/RPM/¿¡¼­ Á¦°øµÇ°í ÀÖ°í ´Ù¸¥ RPM µéµµ ¼³Ä¡ÇϱⰡ ÆíÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
  5. µÎ°³ÀÇ 3c905B ÀÌ´õ³Ý ¾î´ðÅ͵éÀÌ ¼³Á¤µÇ¾ú´Ù; ÇÑ°³´Â eth1À¸·Î¼­ IP¸¦ 128.118.170.11·Î ¼³Á¤µÇ¾îÀÖ°í ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â »ç¼³ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¿¡ ¿¬°áµÇ¾î¼­ dummy IP ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ 10.0.0.1·Î ÇÒ´çµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Donald Becker¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁø 3COM 3c905B ¾î´ðÅÍ¿¡ °üÇÑ ÃֽŠµå¶óÀ̹ö´Â (3c59x.c v0.99H http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/vortex.html) Ä¿³Î³»ºÎ·Î ÄÄÆÄÀϵǾî 100Mbit/sec Full-duplex ¿¬°áÀ» º¸ÀåÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â vortex-diag À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/diag/vortex-diag.c¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼³Á¤À» À§Çؼ­ ´ÙÀ½ ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¯°æÇؾßÇÑ´Ù: /etc/sysconfig/network, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0¿Í /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1. ¿©±â¿¡ º¯°æÈÄ ¸ð½ÀÀÌ´Ù:
    /etc/sysconfig/network:
    
    NETWORKING=yes
    FORWARD_IPV4=no
    HOSTNAME=cocoa.ihpca.psu.edu
    DOMAINNAME=ihpca.psu.edu
    GATEWAY=128.118.170.1
    GATEWAYDEV=eth1
    NISDOMAIN=ihpca.psu.edu   
    
    /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0: 
    
    DEVICE=eth0
    IPADDR=10.0.0.1
    NETMASK=255.255.255.0
    NETWORK=10.0.0.0
    BROADCAST=10.0.0.255
    ONBOOT=yes
    BOOTPROTO=none
    USERCTL=no
    
    /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1: 
    
    DEVICE=eth1
    IPADDR=128.118.170.11
    NETMASK=255.255.255.0
    NETWORK=128.118.170.0
    BROADCAST=128.118.170.255
    ONBOOT=yes
    BOOTPROTO=none
    USERCTL=no
    
  6. ½¬¿î ¼³Ä¡¸¦ À§ÇØ, BOOT ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©·ÎºÎÅÍ PC ÇϳªÇϳª¸¦ ºÎÆÃÇϱâ·Î °áÁ¤Çß´Ù. BOOTP ¼­¹ö´Â /etc/inetd.confÆÄÀÏÀÇ ´ÙÀ½ ÁÙÀÇ ÁÖ¼®À» ¾ø¾ÖÁÜÀ¸·Î½á °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
    bootps  dgram   udp     wait    root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  bootpd
    
    ¸®´ª½º ºÎÆà Ç÷ÎÇÇ´Â 3c905B ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¾î´ðÅ͸¦ Áö¿øÇÏ´Â Ä¿³ÎÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ ÁغñÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ÀÌ ¾î´ðÅÍ´Â °¢ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ³ëµåµéÀÌ ºÎÆÃÀÌ µÇ°í °¢ÀÚ °íÀ¯ÀÇ 96-bit ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ÁÖ¼Ò±Û ¾Ë·ÁÁØ´Ù. (¿¡¸¦ µé¾î 00C04F6BC052) ÀÌ ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϸé /etc/bootptabÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¼³Á¤ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù:
            .default:\
                    :hd=/boot:bf=install.ks:\
                    :vm=auto:\
                    :dn=hpc.ihpca.psu.edu:\
                    :gw=10.0.0.1:\
                    :rp=/boot/client/root:
    
            node1:ht=ethernet:ha=00C04F6BC0B8:ip=10.0.0.2:tc=.default
            node2:ht=ethernet:ha=00C04F79AD76:ip=10.0.0.3:tc=.default
            node3:ht=ethernet:ha=00C04F79B5DC:ip=10.0.0.4:tc=.default
            .
            .
            .
            node25:ht=ethernet:ha=00C04F79B30E:ip=10.0.0.26:tc=.default
    
  7. /etc/hostsÆÄÀÏÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÆíÁýÇÑ´Ù:
            127.0.0.1       localhost       localhost.localdomain
            # Server [COCOA]
            128.118.170.11 cocoa.ihpca.psu.edu cocoa.aero.psu.edu cocoa
    
            # IP address <--> NAME mappings for the individual nodes of the cluster
            10.0.0.1        node0.hpc.ihpca.psu.edu node0           # Server itself!
            10.0.0.2        node1.hpc.ihpca.psu.edu node1
            10.0.0.3        node2.hpc.ihpca.psu.edu node2
            .
            .
            .
            10.0.0.26       node25.hpc.ihpca.psu.edu node25
    
    /etc/hosts.confÆÄÀÏ¿¡´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ³»¿ëÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù:
            order hosts,bind
    
    ÀÌ´Â DNS ¼­¹ö·Î ºÎÅÍ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¿äûÀÌ ÀÖ±âÀü¿¡ /etc/hostsÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â IP ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ °­Á¦·Î ã°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù.
  8. Àü´ÞÇÒ ÆÄÀϽýºÅÛµéÀº /etc/exports¿¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ãß°¡ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù:
            /boot           node*.hpc.ihpca.psu.edu (ro,link_absolute)
            /mnt/cdrom      node*.hpc.ihpca.psu.edu (ro,link_absolute)
            /usr/local      node*.hpc.ihpca.psu.edu (rw,no_all_squash,no_root_squash)
            /home1          node*.hpc.ihpca.psu.edu (rw,no_all_squash,no_root_squash)
            /home2          node*.hpc.ihpca.psu.edu (rw,no_all_squash,no_root_squash)
            /home3          node*.hpc.ihpca.psu.edu (rw,no_all_squash,no_root_squash)
            /home4          node*.hpc.ihpca.psu.edu (rw,no_all_squash,no_root_squash)
    
  9. °¢ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ³ëµå¿¡ ºü¸£°í ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¼³Ä¡¸¦ À§ÇØ, ·¹µåÇÞ 5.1 KickStart ¼³Ä¡°¡ ÀÌ»óÀûÀÌ´Ù. º» ÀúÀÚÀÇ kickstart ÆÄÀÏ /boot/install.ksÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:
            lang en
            network --bootproto bootp
            nfs --server 10.0.0.1 --dir /mnt/cdrom
            keyboard us
            zerombr yes
            clearpart --all
            part / --size 1600
            part /local --size 2048
            part /tmp --size 400 --grow
            part swap --size 127
            install
            mouse ps/2
            timezone --utc US/Eastern
            rootpw --iscrypted kQvti0Ysw4r1c
            lilo --append "mem=512M" --location mbr
            %packages
            @ Networked Workstation
            %post
            rpm -i ftp://10.0.0.1/pub/CLUSTER/RPMS/wget-1.5.0-2.i386.rpm
            rpm -i ftp://10.0.0.1/pub/CLUSTER/RPMS/xntp3-5.93-2.i386.rpm
            /usr/bin/wget ftp://10.0.0.1/pub/CLUSTER/kernel/vmlinuz -O/boot/vmlinuz
            /usr/bin/wget ftp://10.0.0.1/pub/CLUSTER/conf/lilo.conf -O/etc/lilo.conf
            /sbin/lilo
            /usr/bin/wget ftp://10.0.0.1/pub/CLUSTER/conf/hosts.equiv -O/etc/hosts.equiv
            sed "s/required\(.*securetty\)/optional\1/g" /etc/pam.d/rlogin > /tmp/rlogin
            mv /tmp/rlogin /etc/pam.d/rlogin
    
    ·¹µåÇÞ KickStart ¼³Ä¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´õ¿í´õ ¸¹Àº Á¤º¸´Â http://www.cache.ja.net/dev/kickstart/KickStart-HOWTO.html¿¡¼­ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.À§¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¼³Ä¡¸í·ÉÁß¿¡¼­ /etc/pam.d/rloginÀÇ Ã³À½ ¶óÀÎÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ º¯°æÇÑ´Ù:
            auth       optional     /lib/security/pam_securetty.soauth       optional     /lib/security/pam_securetty.so
    
    ÀÌ°ÍÀº rlogin/rsh¸¦ µ¿ÀÛ½ÃÄÑ ¼­¹ö¿¡¼­ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®·Î Æнº¿öµå ¾øÀÌ ¿¬°áÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. À̴ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ³ëµåÀÇ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î °ü¸®¿¡ ÁÁÀº ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ /etc/hosts.equivÆÄÀÏÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:
            node0
            node1
            node2
            node3
            .
            .
            .
            node25
    
    ·¹µåÇÞ ¸®´ª½º 5.1 CD-ROMÀ» NFS¸¦ °¢ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®¿¡ Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¼­¹ö¿¡¼­ /mnt/cdromÀ¸·Î ¸¶¿îÆ® ½ÃÅ°°í SMP¸¦ Áö¿øÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î Ä¿³ÎÀ» ¼­¹ö¿Í °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÏ°í ·¹µåÇÞ ºÎÆ® µð½ºÄÏ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Ä¿³ÎÀ» ¹Ù²Û´Ù. ÀÌ Ä¿³ÎÀº Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ³ëµå¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Ưº°È÷ ¸¹Àº ¿É¼ÇÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ´õ¿ì±â BOOTP¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ Ä¿³Î ·¹º§ ÀÚµ¿¼³Á¤ÀºÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿É¼ÇÀº Ä¿³Î¼³Á¤¸Þ´º¿¡¼­ ³×Æ®¿öÅ· ¼±ÅûçÇ׿¡¼­ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ³ëµå°¡ ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÆðúÁ¤Áß¿¡ ¼­¹ö·Î ºÎÅÍ ip¸¦ ºÎ¿©¹ÞÀ» ¶§ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù. ºÎÆ®µð½ºÀÇ ¼³Á¤ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ °üÇÑ Áö¿øÀº KickStart ¸ðµå¿¡¼­ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÆÃÇϱâÀ§Çؼ­ º¯ÇüµÈ´Ù. °¢ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ¼³Á¤À» À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ºÎÆ® µð½ºÅ©¸¦ Áý¾î³Ö°í ¿öÅ©½ºÅ×À̼ǿ¡ Àü¿øÀ» Å°°í ÀÚµ¿¼³Á¤ÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¶§±îÁö ±â´Ù¸®¸é µÈ´Ù.
  10. ¸ðµç Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®µéÀÌ ¼³Ä¡ÈÄ ºÎÆõÇÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ, Ŭ·¯½ºÅÍ´Â ÀÛµ¿À» ÇϰԵȴÙ. brsh( http://www.beowulf.org/software/RPMS/beobase-2.0-1.i386.rpm)¿Í °°Àº À¯¿ëÇÑ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼µéÀº °¢ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ³ëµåµé¿¡°Ô rsh¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸®µµ·ÏÇϱâÀ§ÇØ ¼³Ä¡µÈ´Ù. NIS´Â °¢ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ³ëµå¿¡ »ç¿ëÀÚ ·Î±×ÀÎÀ» °ü¸®Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¼³Ä¡µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸ ´ë½Å¿¡ °£´ÜÇÑ ½© ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ ¼­¹öÀÇ /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow¿Í /etc/groupÆÄÀÏÀ» ºÐ¹èÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
  11. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¼­ºñ½ºµéÀº °¢ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ³ëµåµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ /etc/inetd.conf¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í °¢ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ³ëµåµéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ º¸ÀÌ°Ô µÈ´Ù:
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  12. automount ²Ù·¯¹Ì´Â °¢ ³ëµå¿¡ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ¿© ¿ä±¸ÇÒ ¶§ ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚ ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¶¿îÆ® ½ÃÄÑÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Á¶±Ý Çâ»óµÈ NFS ¼º´ÉÀ» º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸, ¹ö±×°¡ ¸¹°í ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ¸®´ª½º¸¦ À§ÇÑ automount´Â Áغñ°¡ ¾ÆÁ÷ µÇ¾îÀÖÁö ¾Ê°í ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ NFS ¸¶¿îÆ®¸¦ À§ÇØ Á¦°ÅµÈ´Ù.
  13. MPI-CH ¼Ò½º ÄÚµå´Â http://www.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/¿¡¼­ ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç pgcc¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. /usr/local/ ÆÄƼ¼Ç¿¡ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Å« ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. mpif77½ºÅ©¸³Æ®´Â »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿¡ ¸Â°Ô º¯ÇüµÇ¾ú°í ºñ½ÁÇÑ mpif90¶ÇÇÑ ¸¸µé¾î Á³´Ù. /usr/local/mpi/util/machines/machines.LINUX¿¡ °¢ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®¿¡ ´ëÇØ µÎ°¡Áö ÀÔ·ÂÀ» ÇϸéµÈ´Ù. (dual-processor SMP ³ëµå¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù.) mpirunÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù.
  14. queing ½Ã½ºÅÛ, DQS v3.0Àº http://www.scri.fsu.edu/~pasko/dqs.html¿¡¼­ ´Ù¿î·Îµå ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÏ¿© /usr/local/DQS/¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ°í NFS¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ Á¢±Ù°¡´É ÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼­¹ö¿Í Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® º¯È­µéÀº /etc/servicesÀÇ ¼­ºñ½ºµéÀ» ÷°¡ÇÏ°í ¼­¹ö¿¡¼­ qmaster¸¦ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®¿¡¼­´Â dqs_execd¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸î¸î ¹®Á¦Á¡µéÀÌ ´ÚÄ¥ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â DQSÀÇ À߸øµÈ ¹®¼­È­¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. º»ÀúÀÚ°¡ DQS ¼³Á¤À» ÇÏ¿© Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ³ëµå°¡ ÀνÄÇϵµ·Ï Çϱâ±îÁö ³Ê¹« ¿À·£ ½Ã°£ÀÌ °É·ÈÁö¸¸, Çѹø ¼³Á¤ÀÌ ³¡³ª¸é ³ª¸ÓÁö´Â ½±°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Wrapper ½© ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®´Â DQS °á°ú¸¦ À߸¸µé¾î ³»°ÔÇÏ°í Á¶±ÝÀÇ Çâ»óÀ» ½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ qsub, qstat¿Í qdel¸¦ À§ÇØ º» ÀúÀÚ°¡ º¯ÇüµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î qstatÀº º¯ÇüÀ» ÇÏ¿© queue¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±â±ÞÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿äûµÇ´Â ³ëµåÀÇ ¼ö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¼¼°¡Áö qinfo,qload¿Í qmem´Â °¢ ³ëµåµéÀ» À§Çؼ­ À¯¿ëÇÑ load µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ÁÖ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú°í Ŭ·¯½ºÅÍ ¸®¼Ò½º ÀÌ¿ë¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ°Ô ¸¸µé¾îÁ³´Ù.
  15. COCOA´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ±â´ÉÀûÀÌ°í º¥Ä¡¸¶Å·°ú ¸¹Àº º´·Ä󸮸¦ À§ÇØ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. Ä¿³ÎÀ» °¡Áö°í pgccÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ C/C++ Äڵ带 À§ÇØ ±ÇÀåµÈ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ FPU intensive number crunching ³ëµå¸¦ À§ÇØ pgcc¸¦ -mpentiumpro -06 -funroll-all-loops¿É¼Ç¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϸé gcc¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í º¸´Ù ½ÇÇà½Ã°£ÀÌ 30% Çâ»óÀ» °¡Á®¿Â´Ù.
ÀÌ ¹®¼­´Â Anirudh Modi <htmlurl url="mailto:anirudh-modi@psu.edu" name="anirudh-modi@psu.edu">¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯ÁöµÈ´Ù. ¹®Á¦°¡ Àְųª Á¦¾È»çÇ×ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é º»ÀúÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¸ÞÀÏÀ» ÁֽʽÿÀ.


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