PostgreSQL¼³¸í°ú ¿¹Á¦
PostgreSQL¼³¸í°ú ¿¹Á¦
2000/03/23
ÀÌ ¹®¼´Â Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½ºÀÇ Index,function,trigger,grant,revoke,Large Object¸¦ ¿¹Á¦¿Í ÇÔ²² ¼³¸íÇÑ ±ÛÀÌ´Ù.
INDEX ´Â µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º³»ÀÇ relation(Å×À̺í)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Ë»öÀÇ ¼º´ÉÀ» ³ô¿©ÁØ´Ù.
CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index_name
ON table_name (name_of_attribute);
CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index_name ON table_name
[USING acc_name] (column [ops_name] [,...]);
CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index_name ON table_name
[USING acc_name] (func_name() ops_name );
acc_name : ACCESS METHOD . µðÆúÆ®´Â BTREE ÀÌ´Ù.(BTREE,RTREE,HASH)
func_name : »ç¿ëÀÚ Á¤ÀÇ ÇÔ¼ö.
ops_name : operator class (int4_ops,int24_ops,int42_ops)
btree(sid int4_ops) ´Â btree ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ INDEX ÀÚ·áÇüÀÌ 4-BYTE Á¤¼öÀÓ.
µðÆúÆ® operator class ´Â Field Type ÀÌ´Ù.
ÇöÀç btree ´Â 7°³±îÁöÀÇ Multi-Column INDEX¸¦ Áö¿øÇÑ´Ù.
example
example 1) INDEX »ý¼º 1
CREATE INDEX indx1
ON supplier(sid);
supplier relation(Å×À̺í) ÀÇ sname attribute(column) À» INDEX ·Î ÁöÁ¤
example 2) INDEX »ý¼º 2
CREATE INDEX indx2
ON supplier USING btree(sid int4_pos);
example 3) INDEX »ý¼º 3
CREATE INDEX indx3
ON supplier USING btree(sid int8_ops);
example 4) INDEX »ý¼º 4
CREATE INDEX indx4
ON supplier USING btree(sid, tid);
example 5) INDEX »èÁ¦
DROP INDEX indx1;
DROP INDEX indx2;
DROP INDEX indx3;
DROP INDEX indx4;
SEQUENCE ´Â ¼øÂ÷ÀûÀÎ ¼ýÀÚ ¹ß»ý±âÀÌ´Ù.
CREATE SEQUENCE seq_name [INCREMENT increment]
[MINVALUE minvalue] [MANVALUE maxvalue]
[START start] [CACHE cache] [CYCLE]
INCREMENT : ÀÌ°ªÀÌ -1 À̸é -1 ¸¸Å °¨¼Ò , 3 À̸é 3¾¿ Áõ°¡, µðÆúÆ®´Â 1 ÀÌ´Ù.
MAXVALUE : optional clause , Áõ°¡ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ°í°ªÀ» ¸í½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î ÁöÁ¤
START : ½ÃÀÛ°ª
CACHE : sequence °ªÀ» ¸ÕÀú ¸Þ¸ð¸®¿¡ ÇÒ´çÇÏ¿© ºü¸¥ ACCESS ¸¦ °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÑ´Ù.
CYCLE : ÃÖ°í°ªÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡µÇ¸é ´Ù½Ã ÃÖ¼Ò°ªÀ¸·Î ¼øȯÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.
example
CREATE SEQUENCE seq_name1 START 101;
SELECT NEXTVAL('seq_name1);
°á°ú
nextval
-------
114
FUNCTION Àº »õ·Î¿î ÇÔ¼ö¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.
CREATE FUNCTION func_name([type[,...]])
RETURNS return_type [with (attribute [,...])]
AS ' definition '
LANGUAGE 'language_name';
LANGUAGE : sql, pgsql, c µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
example
CREATE FUNCTION test() RETURNS int4
AS ' SELECT 1 '
LANGUAGE 'sql';
½ÇÇà
SELECT test() AS answer;
°á°ú
answer
------
1
AS ' ¿Í ' »çÀÌ¿¡ ÇÔ¼öÀÇ º»¹®À» ±âÀÔÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. Âü°í·Î ¹®ÀÚ¿ÀÏ °æ¿ì,
'seq_test1' ¿Í °°Àº °æ¿ì ´ÙÀ½Ã³·³ ÇÑ´Ù.
CREATE FUNCTION test() RETURNS int4
AS ' SELECT NEXTVAL(''seq_test1'') '
LANGUAGE 'sql';
¿©±â¼ NEXTVAL Àº SEQUENCE °ü·Ã ³»ÀåÇÔ¼öÀÌ´Ù.
´ÙÀ½ ¿¹Á¦ÀÇ À̸§Àº test.sql ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ ¿¹Á¦¸¦ ÈÀÏ·Î ¸¸µé¾î ´ÙÀ½Ã³·³ ½ÇÇàÇÏ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù.
- nogadax=> \i /usr/local/src/test.sql
-
-------------------------------------------------------cut here!!
--code By nogadax@chollian.net /2000/02/18
--drop all object for safe_test
DROP SEQUENCE seq_test1;
DROP SEQUENCE seq_test2;
DROP SEQUENCE seq_test3;
DROP INDEX ind_test1;
DROP INDEX ind_test2;
DROP INDEX ind_test3;
DROP TABLE tab_test1;
DROP TABLE tab_test2;
DROP TABLE tab_test3;
DROP FUNCTION func_test();
--create sequence seq_test1,seq_test2,seq_test3
CREATE SEQUENCE seq_test1 START 101;
CREATE SEQUENCE seq_test2 START 1;
CREATE SEQUENCE seq_test3 START 1;
--create table tab_test1,tab_test2,tab_test3
CREATE TABLE tab_test1(
tab1_id int4 NOT NULL,
tab1_name text,
tab1_tel text,
teb1_memo text
);
CREATE TABLE tab_test2(
tab2_id int4 NOT NULL,
tab2_name text,
tab2_tel text,
teb2_memo text
);
CREATE TABLE tab_test3(
tab3_id int4 DEFAULT nextval('seq_test3') NOT NULL,
tab3_name text,
tab3_tel text,
tab3_memo text
);
--craete index
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ind_test1 ON tab_test1(tab1_id);
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ind_test2 ON tab_test2(tab2_id);
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ind_test3 ON tab_test3 USING btree(tab3_id int4_ops);
--FUNCTION func_test()
CREATE FUNCTION func_test() RETURNS INT4
AS ' SELECT NEXTVAL(''seq_test1'') '
LANGUAGE 'sql';
--transaction 1
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO tab_test1 VALUES (func_test(),'jini1','000-0000','No_Memo1');
INSERT INTO tab_test2 VALUES (nextval('seq_test2'),'winob1','000-0001','No_Memo1');
INSERT INTO tab_test3 (tab3_name,tab3_tel,tab3_memo)
VALUES ('nogadax1','000-0003','No_Memo1');
INSERT INTO tab_test1 VALUES (func_test(),'jini2','100-0000','No_Memo2');
INSERT INTO tab_test2 VALUES (nextval('seq_test2'),'winob2','100-0001','No_Memo2');
INSERT INTO tab_test3 (tab3_name,tab3_tel,tab3_memo)
VALUES ('nogadax2','100-0003','No_Memo2');
INSERT INTO tab_test1 VALUES (func_test(),'jini3','200-0000','No_Memo3');
INSERT INTO tab_test2 VALUES (nextval('seq_test2'),'winob3','200-0001','No_Memo3');
INSERT INTO tab_test3 (tab3_name,tab3_tel,tab3_memo)
VALUES ('nogadax3','200-0003','No_Memo3');
INSERT INTO tab_test1 VALUES (func_test(),'jini4','300-0000','No_Memo4');
INSERT INTO tab_test2 VALUES (nextval('seq_test2'),'winob4','300-0001','No_Memo4');
INSERT INTO tab_test3 (tab3_name,tab3_tel,tab3_memo)
VALUES ('nogadax4','300-0003','No_Memo4');
INSERT INTO tab_test1 VALUES (func_test(),'jini5','400-0000','No_Memo5');
INSERT INTO tab_test2 VALUES (nextval('seq_test2'),'winob5','400-0001','No_Memo5');
INSERT INTO tab_test3 (tab3_name,tab3_tel,tab3_memo)
VALUES ('nogadax5','400-0003','No_Memo5');
END;
--transaction 2
BEGIN;
SELECT * FROM tab_test1;
SELECT * FROM tab_test2;
SELECT * FROM tab_test3;
VACUUM VERBOSE ANALYZE tab_test1;
VACUUM VERBOSE ANALYZE tab_test2;
VACUUM VERBOSE ANALYZE tab_test3;
END;
-------------------------------------------------------------------End !!
GRANT´Â user,group ȤÀº ¸ðµç userµé¿¡°Ô ÇØ´ç °´Ã¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¿ë±ÇÇÑÀ» ½ÂÀÎÇÑ´Ù.
REVOKE´Â user,group ȤÀº ¸ðµç user·ÎºÎÅÍ °´Ã¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¿ë±ÇÇÑÀ» ¹«È¿ÈÇÑ´Ù.
GRANT privilege [,...] ON object [,...]
TO { PUBLIC | GROUP group | username}
- privilege
-
SELECT : ƯÁ¤ TABLE/VIEW ÀÇ column¿¡ ´ëÇÑ access À» ½ÂÀÎ
INSERT : ƯÁ¤ TABLEÀÇ ¸ðµç column ¿¡ µ¥ÀÌŸÀÇ »ðÀÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÇÇÑ ½ÂÀÎ
UPDTAE : ƯÁ¤ TABLEÀÇ ¸ðµç column ÀÇ °»½Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÇÇÑ ½ÂÀÎ
DELETE : ƯÁ¤ TABLE ÀÇ row ÀÇ »èÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÇÇÑ ½ÂÀÎ
RULE : ƯÁ¤ TABLE/VIEW¿¡ ´ëÇÑ rule À» Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â ±ÇÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÂÀÎ
ALL : ¸ðµç ±ÇÇÑÀ» ½ÂÀÎÇÑ´Ù.
- object
-
access ¸¦ ½ÂÀÎÇÏ´Â °´Ã¼ÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °´Ã¼µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
Table
Sequence
View
Index
- PUBLIC
-
¸ðµç À¯Àú¸¦ ½ÂÀÎ
- GROUP group
-
»ç¿ë ±ÇÇÑÀ» ȹµæÇÒ groupÀ» ÁöÁ¤, group À» ¸í½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î »ý¼ºµÇ¾îÁ® ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÔ.
- username
-
»ç¿ë±ÇÇÑÀ» ȹµæÇÒ »ç¿ëÀÚ¸í. PUBLIC Àº ¸ðµç À¯Àú¿¡ ´ëÇؼ Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù.
- Description
-
GRANT ´Â °´Ã¼ (object) ¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÑ À¯Àú°¡ ¸ðµç À¯Àú, ȤÀº °³ÀÎ À¯Àú, ȤÀº ±×·ì¿¡ ´ëÇØ
ÇØ´ç °´Ã¼ÀÇ »ç¿ë ±ÇÇÑÀ» Çã¿ëÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. °´Ã¼¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÑ À¯Àú°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ù¸¥ À¯ÀúµéÀº ±×
°´Ã¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¿ë±ÇÇÑÀÌ ¾ø¾î¼ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ´ÜÁö ±× ÇØ´ç °´Ã¼¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÑ À¯Àú¸¸ÀÌ
À̸¦ Çã¿ëÇÒ ¼ö °¡ Àִµ¥ ÀÌ´Â GRANT ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î¼ ´Ù¸¥ À¯ÀúµéÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï
Çã¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² °´Ã¼¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÑ À¯Àú´Â ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ±ÇÇÑÀ» °¡Áö¸ç ÀÌ ±ÇÇѵéÀº SELECT
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, RULE µîÀÌ¸ç ¶ÇÇÑ ±× °´Ã¼ ÀÚü¸¦ »èÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
- Notes
-
psql ¿¡¼ "\z" ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °´Ã¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ permission µîÀ» ÂüÁ¶ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
- permission Á¤º¸ÀÇ Çü½Ä
-
username=arwR : À¯Àú¿¡°Ô ½ÂÀÎµÈ »ç¿ë±ÇÇÑ
group gname=arwR : GROUP ¿¡°Ô ½ÂÀÎµÈ »ç¿ë±ÇÇÑ
=arwR : ¸ðµç À¯Àú¿¡°Ô ½ÂÀÎµÈ »ç¿ë±ÇÇÑ
a : INSERT privilege
r : SELECT privilege
w : UPDATE/DELETE privilege
R : RULE privilege
arwR : ALL privilege
- USAGE(»ç¿ë¿¹)
-
GRANT INSERT ON imsi_table TO PUBLIC
GRANT ALL ON imsi_table TO nogadax
À¯Àú,±×·ì, ȤÀº ¸ðµç À¯Àú·ÎºÎÅÍ access privilege ¸¦ Ãë¼Ò
REVOKE privilege [,...]
ON object [,...]
FROM { PUBLIC | GROUP gname | username }
- privilege
-
SELECT ,INSERT ,UPDATE, DELETE, RULE, ALL
- object
-
Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °´Ã¼ : table, view, sequence, index
- group
-
privilege ¸¦ Ãë¼ÒÇÒ ±×·ì¸í
- username
-
- PUBLIC
-
- Description
-
REVOKE ´Â °´Ã¼ÀÇ »ý¼ºÀÚ°¡ ¸ðµç À¯Àú, À¯Àú, ±×·ìµé·ÎºÎÅÍ Àü¿¡ ½ÂÀÎÇß´ø Æ۹̼ÇÀ»
ÇØÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù.
- USAGE(»ç¿ë¿¹)
-
REVOKE INSERT ON imsi_table FROM PUBLIC
REVOKE ALL ON imsi_table FROM nogadax
CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ...]}
ON table FOR EACH { ROW | STATEMENT }
EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( )
event : INPUT , UPDATE , DELETE µîÀÌ ¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
func_name : »ç¿ëÀÚ Á¤ÀÇ ÇÔ¼öÀÌ´Ù. plpgsql À» ±ÇÀåÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ ÇÔ¼ö¿¡´Â ÀÎÀÚ°¡ µé¾î¿Ã ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ ÇÔ¼öÀÇ RETURN TYPE ·Î´Â OPAQUE À̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
Àμö¸¦ À§ÇØ TRIGGER ÀÇ ÀÚü º¯¼ö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
(new,old,...)
TRIGGER ¸¦ Ã̽º·´°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÏÀÚ¸é ¹æ¾Æ¼è¸¦ ´ç±â¸é ÃѾËÀÌ ³ª°¡´Â °Í¿¡ ºñÀ¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
TRIGGER Àº TUPLE(ROW or RECORD) ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ¸¦ »ç°Ç(event) ·Î
º¸°í ÀÌ »ç°Ç¿¡ Á¤ÀÇµÈ ¾î¶² ÇൿÀ¸·Î ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡
- example
-
CREATE TRIGGER trg_test
BEFORE DELETE OR UPDATE ON supplier FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE check_sup();
supplier Å×ÀÌºí¿¡ DELETE, UPDATE °¡ ¹ß»ýÇϸé ÀÌ µ¿ÀÛÀÌ ÇàÇØÁö±â Àü¿¡
check_sup() ¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇ϶ó. ÀÌ TRIGGER ÀÇ À̸§Àº trg_test ÀÌ´Ù.
- plpgsql ¸Àº¸±â
-
CREATE FUNCTION func_name() RETURNS type
AS '
[DECLARE declarations]
BEGIN
statements
END;
'LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
- example
-
CREATE FUNCTION pgsql_test() RETURNS datetime
AS '
DECLARE curtime datetime;
BEGIN
curtime:= ''now'';
return curtime;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
´ÙÀ½Àº ½ÇÇà ¿¹Á¦ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¼± ´ÙÀ½ ¿¹Á¦¸¦ ÀûÀýÈ÷ º¹»ç¸¦ Çؼ ÆÄÀÏ·Î ¸¸µç´Ù.(¿¹ : trg.sql)
´ÙÀ½ ¿¹Á¦¸¦ ½ÇÇà¿¡ ¾Õ¼ ¸ÕÀú ÇؾßÇÒ ÀÏÀÌ Àִµ¥ ±×°ÍÀº Procedural Languages ¸¦ µî·ÏÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½¿¹Á¦¿¡´Â PL/pgSQL À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ÇÔ¼ö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϹǷΠÀÌ°ÍÀ» µî·ÏÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÇʼöÀÌ´Ù.
¹æ¹ýÀº µÎ°¡Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
1. template1 µ¥ÀÌŸ º£À̽º¿¡ µî·ÏÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¿¡ µî·ÏÀÌ µÈÈÄ template1 µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¿¡¼
create database ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¸¦ »ý¼ºÇϸé ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î »ý¼ºµÈ µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¿¡ PL/pgSQLÀÌ µî·ÏÀÌ µÇ¹Ç·Î
Æí¸®ÇÏ´Ù.
µî·Ï¿¡ ¾Õ¼ ´ÙÀ½À» È®ÀÎÇ϶ó.
postgreSQLÀÇ PATH : ¿©±â¼ÀÇ PATH ´Â /usr/local/pgsql ÀÌ´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ pgsql µð·ºÅ丮 ¹ØÀÇ lib µð·ºÅ丮¿¡¼ plpgsql.so ¸¦ È®ÀÎÇ϶ó.
¾Æ¸¶µµ ÀÌ ÈÀÏÀº ´Ù Á¸ÀçÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
µî·Ï °úÁ¤
[postgres@nogadax postgres]# psql template1
template1=>
template1=> CREATE FUNCTION plpgsql_call_handler() RETURNS OPAQUE AS
template1-> '/usr/local/pgsql/lib/plpgsql.so' LANGUAGE 'c';
template1=>
template1=> CREATE TRUSTED PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE 'plpgsql'
template1-> HANDLER plpgsql_call_handler
template1-> LANCOMPILER 'PL/pgSQL';
template1=> CREATE DATABASE nogadax;
template1=> \q
[postgres@nogadax postgres]#
2. ´ÙÀ½ ¹æ¹ýÀº »ý¼ºÇÑ µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¸¶´Ù ÇϳªÇϳª ´Ù µî·ÏÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
µî·Ï °úÁ¤
[postgres@nogadax postgres]# psql nogadax
nogadax=>
nogadax=> CREATE FUNCTION plpgsql_call_handler() RETURNS OPAQUE AS
nogadax-> '/usr/local/pgsql/lib/plpgsql.so' LANGUAGE 'c';
nogadax=>
nogadax=> CREATE TRUSTED PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE 'plpgsql'
nogadax-> HANDLER plpgsql_call_handler
nogadax-> LANCOMPILER 'PL/pgSQL';
nogadax=>
nogadax=> \q
[postgres@nogadax postgres]#
ÀÌÁ¦´Â À§ÀÇ µÎ°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÁß Çϳª¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿© µî·ÏÀ» ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.
´ÙÀ½Àº ¾Æ·¡ ¿¹Á¦¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù.
[podtgres@nogadax postgres]$ psql nogadax
nogadax=> \i /home/postgres/trg.sql
.....
.....
-------------------------------------------------------Cut here!!
--coded BY NoGaDa-X 2000/02/19
--DROP all Object for safe_test
DROP FUNCTION ins_row();
DROP TRIGGER trg_test ON test1;
DROP TABLE test1;
DROP TABLE test2;
--Create Table
CREATE TABLE test1(
tab1_id int4,
tab1_name text
);
CREATE TABLE test2(
tab2_id int4,
tab2_memo text DEFAULT 'None'
);
--Create Function
CREATE FUNCTION ins_row() RETURNS OPAQUE
AS '
BEGIN
INSERT INTO test2(tab2_id) VALUES(new.tab1_id);
RETURN new;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
--Create Trigger
CREATE TRIGGER trg_test
AFTER INSERT ON test1 FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE ins_row();
--INSERT Transaction
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO test1 values(1,'nogadax');
INSERT INTO test1 values(2,'winob');
INSERT INTO test1 values(3,'diver708');
INSERT INTO test1 values(4,'jini');
INSERT INTO test1 values(5,'opensys');
INSERT INTO test1 values(6,'Linuz');
END;
--SELECT TRACTION
BEGIN;
SELECT * FROM test1;
SELECT * FROM test2;
END;
----------------------------------------------------------End !!
- CREATE TRIGGER
-
CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [OR,...] }
ON table FOR EACH { ROW | STATEMENT }
EXECUTE PROCEDURE funcname ();
trigger_name : TRIGGER ÀÇ À̸§
table : Table ÀÇ À̸§
event : INSERT , DELETE , UPDATE µé Áß¿¡¼ Çϳª ȤÀº µÎ¼¼°³¸¦
TRIGGER ¸¦ ±âµ¿½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÑ event ·Î º½
( ¿¹ : INSERT OR UPDATE )
func_name : user °¡ Á¦°øÇÑ ÇÔ¼ö. ÀÌ ÇÔ¼ö´Â Æ®¸®°Å°¡ »ý¼ºµÇ±â Àü¿¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ, ÀÌ ÇÔ¼öÀÇ return ÇüÀº opaqueÀ̸ç Àμö°¡ ¾ø¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
(ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº PostgreSQL Programmer's Guide ¿¡ ³ª¿Í ÀÖ´Â ºÎºÐÀε¥ function
¿¡¼ ¿Ö Àμö°¡ ¾²ÀÌ¸é ¾ÈµÇ´ÂÁö ±×¸®°í opaque ÇüÀÇ ¸®ÅÏ °ª¸¸ µÇ´ÂÁö ¸¦
Á¤È®È÷ ¼³¸íÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.)
"CREATE TRIGGER"·Î ÀÎÇØ TRIGGER °¡ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î »ý¼ºµÇ¸é CREATE ¶ó´Â
¸Þ½ÃÁö°¡ Ãâ·ÂµÈ´Ù.
- DESCRIPTION
-
CREATE TRIGGERÀº ÇöÀçÀÇ µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¿¡ »õ·Î¿î TRIGGERÀ» µî·ÏÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.Trigger
Àº Å×À̺í(¸±·¹À̼Ç)°ú ¿¬°èµÇ¾î¼ ¹Ì¸® ±ÔÁ¤µÈ ÇÔ¼ö func_nameÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÑ´Ù.
Æ®¸®°Å´Â Æ®¸®°ÅÀÇ »ý¼º½Ã BEFOREÅ°¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Tuple(row,record)¿¡ ¾î¶² event°¡
¹ß»ýÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ±âµ¿µÇ¾î Áú¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ±ÔÁ¤µÇ¾îÁú¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¹Ý´ë·Î AFTERÅ°¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ
¿© event°¡ ¿Ï·á ÈÄ¿¡ ±âµ¿µÇ°Ô ÇÒ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
(´ÙÀ½Àº ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î Postgres data changes visibility rule ÀÌ ÂüÁ¶µÇ¾ú´Ù.)
Æ®¸®°Å°¡ BEFORE¿¡ ÀÇÇØ eventÀü¿¡ ±âµ¿µÇ¾î Áø´Ù¸é, Æ®¸®°Å´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ Tuple¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
event¸¦ °Ç³Ê¶Ù°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ INSERT³ª UPDATEÀÇ event¿¡ ´ëÇؼ´Â »ðÀԵǾîÁú Æ©ÇÃ
ÀÇ º¯È¸¦ ÀÎÁöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. Áï, BEFORE¼º°ÝÀÇ Æ®¸®°Å´Â º¯°æµÇ¾îÁú Æ©Çõ鿡 ´ëÇؼ
"invisible"ÇÑ »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ´ÜÁö, 󸮵ǾîÁú event ¸¸ ÀνÄÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ, Æ®¸®°Å°¡ AFTER Å°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ eventÈÄ¿¡ ±âµ¿µÇ¾îÁö¸é, ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ »ðÀÔ,UPDATE,»èÁ¦
µîÀÌ Æ®¸®°Å¿¡ "visible" ÀÌ´Ù. Áï, º¯°æµÈ ºÎºÐÀ» Æ®¸®°Å°¡ ÀÎÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
event´Â ´ÙÁßÀÇ event ¸¦ OR ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±ÔÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¸±·¹À̼ǿ¡ µ¿ÀÏ
ÇÑ event ¸¦ ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ´Â Çϳª ÀÌ»óÀÇ Æ®¸®°Å¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ÀÌ´Â Æ®¸®°ÅÀÇ ±âµ¿
¼ø¼¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù.
Æ®¸®°Å°¡ SQL Äõ¸®¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÒ¶§ ´Ù¸¥ Æ®¸®°ÅµéÀ» ±âµ¿½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç À̸¦ CASCADE
Æ®¸®°Å¶ó ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ä³½ºÄ³À̵å Æ®¸®°ÅÀÇ ·¹º§¿¡´Â Á¦ÇÑÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÇѹøÀÇ Æ®¸®
°Å·Î ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ ´ÙÁßÀÇ Æ®¸®°Å¸¦ ±âµ¿½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¸±·¹À̼ǿ¡ ´ëÇÑ INSERT Æ®¸®°Å°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ÀÌ Æ®¸®°Å´Â ´Ù½Ã µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¸±·¹À̼Ç
¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æ®¸®°Å°¡ ±âµ¿µÇ¾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾ÆÁ÷ PostgreSQLÀº ÀÌ·± Æ®¸®°Å¿¡ ´ë
ÇÑ Æ©ÇÃÀÇ µ¿±âÈ°¡ Áö¿øµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÁÖÀǸ¦ ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
- NOTES
-
CREATE TRIGGER Àº PostgreSQLÀÇ È®ÀåµÈ ±â´ÉÀÌ´Ù.
´ÜÁö ¸±·¹À̼Ç(Table) ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ¸¸ÀÌ ±× ¸±·¹À̼ǿ¡ Æ®¸®°Å¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¹öÁ¯ 6.4¿¡¼ STATEMENT ´Â ±¸ÇöµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
CASCADING TRIGGER SAMPLE
----------------------------------------------------Cut here !!
--coded by NoGaDa-X
--cascading tigger
DROP TRIGGER tab1_trg ON test1;
DROP TRIGGER tab2_trg ON test2;
DROP TRIGGER tab3_trg ON test3;
DROP FUNCTION tab1_func();
DROP FUNCTION tab2_func();
DROP FUNCTION tab3_func();
DROP TABLE test1;
DROP TABLE test2;
DROP TABLE test3;
DROP TABLE test4;
--Create Table
CREATE TABLE test1(
tab1_id INT4
);
CREATE TABLE test2(
tab2_id INT4
);
CREATE TABLE test3(
tab3_id INT4
);
CREATE TABLE test4(
tab4_id INT4
);
--Create Function
CREATE FUNCTION tab1_func() RETURNS opaque
AS '
BEGIN
INSERT INTO test2 values( new.tab1_id);
RETURN new;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
CREATE FUNCTION tab2_func() RETURNS opaque
AS '
BEGIN
INSERT INTO test3 values( new.tab2_id);
RETURN new;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
CREATE FUNCTION tab3_func() RETURNS opaque
AS '
BEGIN
INSERT INTO test4 values( new.tab3_id);
RETURN new;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
--Create Trigger
CREATE TRIGGER tab1_trg AFTER
INSERT OR UPDATE ON test1 FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE tab1_func();
CREATE TRIGGER tab2_trg AFTER
INSERT OR UPDATE ON test2 FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE tab2_func();
CREATE TRIGGER tab3_trg AFTER
INSERT OR UPDATE ON test3 FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE tab3_func();
--transaction
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO test1 VALUES (1);
SELECT * from test1;
INSERT INTO test1 VALUES (2);
SELECT * from test2;
INSERT INTO test1 VALUES (3);
SELECT * from test3;
INSERT INTO test1 VALUES (4);
SELECT * from test4;
END;
-----------------------------------------------End !!
- 1. Procedure Language
-
Postgres 6.3 ¹öÁ¯ ºÎÅÍ PostgreSQLÀº procedural Language(PL)¸¦ Áö¿øÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.
ÀÌ°ÍÀº PostgreSQL¸¸ÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ °æ¿ì·Î¼ oracle ÀÇ PL/SQL°ú ºñÀ¯µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸
Ư¼öÇÑ ¾ð¾îÀÎ PostgreSQLÀÇ PLÀº PostgreSQL¿¡ ³»ÀåµÈ°Í ¾Æ´Ï°í ¸ðµâÈµÈ Handler¸¦
´Ù½Ã µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¿¡ µî·ÏÀ» ÇØÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º´Â PL ·Î ¾²
¿©Áø functionÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °á·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î 󸮱â´Â °øÀ¯°´Ã¼·Î¼
ÄÄÆÄÀÏµÇ¸ç µ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î Load µÇ´Â Ưº°ÇÑ ¾ð¾î ó¸® ±â´ÉÀÌ´Ù.
¿©±â¼´Â PL HandlerÀÇ µî·ÏÀÇ ¿¹·Î¼ PLÀÇ ÇÑÁ¾·ùÀÎ PL/pgSQL ¾ð¾î¸¦ µî·ÏÇÏ°Ú´Ù.
- Installing Procedural Languages
-
°øÀ¯°´Ã¼ÀΠ󸮱â´Â ÄÄÆÄÀÏµÈ ÈÄ ÀνºÅçµÇ¾î¾ß Çϴµ¥ µðÆúÆ®·Î PL/pgSQL Àº
PostgreSQL ¼³Ä¡½Ã ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ÄÄÆÄÀϵÈÈÄ ¶óÀ̺귯¸® µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ³õ¿©Áø´Ù. ´Ù
¸¥ 󸮱âÀÎ PL/Tcl Àº PostgreSQL ÄÄÆÄÀϽà ¸í½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î¾ßÁö¸¸ ÄÄÆÄ
ÀÏµÇ¸ç ¶óÀ̺귯¸® µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ³õ¿©Áø´Ù. ¶óÀ̺귯¸® µð·ºÅ丮´Â ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾îÁú
PostgreSQLÀÇ ¹Ù·Î ¹ØÀÇ lib ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î PostgreSQLÀÇ Àý´ë°æ·Î°¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú
°°´Ù°í ÇÏÀÚ.
/usr/local/pgsql
±×·¯¸é ¶óÀ̺귯¸® µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ Àý´ë°æ·Î´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
/usr/local/pgsql/lib
PL/pgSQL ¾ð¾î 󸮱⸦ ¼³Ä¡Çϱâ À§Çؼ´Â ¸ÕÀú À§ÀÇ ¶óÀ̺귯¸® µð·ºÅ丮¿¡¼
"plpgsql.so" ¸¦ ¸ÕÀú È®ÀÎÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
È®ÀÎ ÈÄ CREATE FUNCTION ¿Í CREATE PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °¢ µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º
¿¡¼ µî·ÏÀ» ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. °¢ µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¿¡¼ µî·ÏÀ» ÇÏÁö¾Ê°í ÀÏ°ýÀûÀ¸·Î ó¸®ÇÏ°í
½Í´Ù¸é PostgreSQL ÀÇ Æ¯º°Èù µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽ºÀÎ "template1" ¿¡¼ µî·ÏÀ» ÇϸéµÈ´Ù.
template1 ¿¡¼ µî·ÏÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù¸é Â÷ÈÄ »ý¼ºµÇ´Â µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¿¡´Â ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î 󸮱Ⱑ
µî·ÏµÈ´Ù.
- PL/pgSQL 󸮱⠵î·Ï ¿¹Á¦
-
[postgres@nogadax postgresql]psql template1
template1=>
template1=> CREATE FUNCTION plpgsql_call_handler() RETURNS OPAQUE
template1-> AS ' /usr/local/pgsql/lib/plpgsql.so '
template1-> LANGUAGE 'C' ;
template1=>
template1=> CREATE TRUSTED PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE 'plpgsql'
template1-> HANDLER plpgsql_call_handler
template1-> LANCOMPILER 'PL/pgSQL' ;
template1=>
template1=> CREATE DATABASE nogadax ;
template1=>
ȤÀº À§ÀÇ ¹®À» ÈÀÏ·Î ÀúÀåÇÑÈÄ \i ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
template1=> \i /usr/local/src/plsql_inst.sql
"CREATE TRUSTED PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE" ¿¡¼ TRUSTED Å°¿öµå´Â PostgreSQL ÀÇ ½´ÆÛÀ¯Àú
±ÇÇÑÀÌ ¾ø´Â ÀÏ¹Ý À¯Àú°¡ "CREATE FUNCTION" À̳ª "CREATE TRIGGER" ¹®À» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§ µî·Ï
µÈ procedure language(PL) ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁØ´Ù.
- 2. PL/pgSQL
-
PL/pgSQL Àº PostgreSQL µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼ "Loadable Procedural Language"ÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ ÆÐÅ°Áö´Â Jan Wieck ¿¡ÀÇÇØ ÀÛ¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù.
- OVERVIEW
-
1. PL/pgSQL Àº function À̳ª trigger procedure ¸¦ ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ¾î Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
2. SQL ¹®¿¡ Á¦¾î ±¸Á¶¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
3. º¹ÀâÇÑ °è»êÀ» ±¸ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
4. user°¡ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ Type, Function, OperationÀ» »ó¼ÓÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
5. Server ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Trusted(Authentication °ü·ÃÀÇ ¶æ)µÈ°ÍÀ» Á¤ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
6. »ç¿ëÇϱ⠽±´Ù.
- ¼³¸í
-
PL/pgSQL Àº ´ë¼Ò¹®ÀÚÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î Å°¿öµå³ª Identifier µéÀº ´ë¼Ò¹®ÀÚ
±¸ºÐ¾øÀÌ È¥¿ëµÇ¾î ¾²ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
PL/pgSQL Àº ºí·° ÁöÇâ¾ð¾îÀÌ´Ù. ºí·°Àº ´ÙÀ½Ã³·³ Á¤ÀǵǾîÁø´Ù.
[ Label ]
[ DECLARE declarations ]
BEGIN
statements
END;
ºí·°ÀÇ statements±¸¿ª³»¿¡ ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ sub-blockÀÌ »ý¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ´Â ¼ºêºí·°³»ÀÇ º¯¼ö
µéÀ» ¼ºêºí·° ¿ÜºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼û±â±â À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ¾îÁú¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ºí·° ¾ÕºÎºÐÀÇ declarations±¸¿ª
¿¡¼ ¼±¾ðµÈ º¯¼ö´Â function ÀÌ È£ÃâµÉ ¶§ ´ÜÁö Çѹø ÃʱâÈ°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ºí·°À¸·Î
ÁøÀÔÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù ¸Å¹ø µðÆúÆ® °ªÀ¸·Î ÃʱâȵȴÙ.
PL/pgSQL ÀÇ BEGIN/END ¿Í Transaction(BEGIN; END;)À» À§ÇÑ µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽ºÀÇ ¸í·É¹®°ú´Â
´Ù¸£´Ù´Â°ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Function°ú Trigger Procedure ¿¡¼´Â Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀ» ½ÃÀÛ
Çϰųª commit À» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í Postgres´Â ÁßøµÈ Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
-- : ÇÑ ¶óÀÎÀÇ ÁÖ¼®Ã³¸®
/* */ : ºí·° ´ÜÀ§ ÁÖ¼® ó¸®
- example
-
CREATE FUNCTION logfunc2(text,text,text) RETURNS datetime
AS '
DECLARE logtxt1 ALIAS FOR $1;
logtxt2 ALIAS FOR $2;
logtxt2 ALIAS FOR $3;
curtime datetime;
BEGIN
curtime :=''now'';
INSERT INTO logtable VALUES (logtxt1,logtxt2,logtxt3,curtime);
RETURN curtime;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
- ¼³¸í
-
$1,$2,$3 Àº ÇÔ¼öÀÇ ÀÎÀÚµé·Î¼ ³ª¿µÈ ¼ø¼·Î¼ ÂüÁ¶µÇ¾îÁø´Ù. DECLARE ÀÇ ALIAS FOR
º¯¼ö $1 ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º°¸íÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. À̷μ $1 ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡µ¶¼ºÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁú¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
curtime := ''now''; ´Â º¯¼ö curtime¿¡ ÇöÀçÀÇ ½Ã°¢°ªÀ»(''now'') ÇÒ´çÇÑ´Ù.":=" Àº
º¯¼ö¿¡ °ªÀ» ÇÒ´çÇÒ¶§ ¾²ÀδÙ. ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î À§ÀÇ ÇÔ¼öÀÇ ¸®ÅÏ°ªÀÌ datetime À̹ǷÎ
datetime ŸÀÔÀÇ º¯¼ö curtime À» ¸®ÅÏÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
- example 1
-
´ÙÀ½Àº ¿¹Á¦ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Àû´çÈ÷ ÈÀÏ·Î º¹»çÇؼ ½ÇÇàÀ» ÇÏ¸é µË´Ï´Ù.
DROP FUNCTION test1();
DROP TABLE tab1;
CREATE TABLE tab1 (
id int4,
name text
);
CREATE FUNCTION test1() RETURNS int4
AS '
DECLARE
var1 tab1.id%TYPE:=1;
var2 tab1.name%TYPE;
var3 var2%TYPE:=''nogada'';
BEGIN
INSERT INTO tab1(id,name) VALUES(var1,var3);
RETURN var1;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
SELECT test1();
SELECT * FROM tab1;
- ¼³¸í
-
À§ÀÇ ¿¹Á¦´Â DROP¸í·É¹®À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. º°´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¾ø°í ¾ÈÀüÇÑ Å×½ºÆ®¸¦ À§ÇØ
±âÁ¸¿¡ ÀÖÀ»Áö ¸ð¸¦ functionÀ̳ª table À» ¸ÕÀú »èÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù. DROP ¸í·É¾î·Î ÀÎÇÑ ¿¡·¯´Â
¹«½ÃÇصµ µÈ´Ù.FunctionÀÇ DECLARE ºÎºÐÀº º¯¼öÀÇ ¼±¾ð ±¸¿ªÀ¸·Î º¸¸é µÇ°Ú´Ù. var1 , var2,var3Àº
º¯¼ö¸íÀÌ´Ù. tab.id%TYPE Àº var1 ÀÇ º¯¼öÇüÀ¸·Î¼ tab.id ÀÇ ¼Ó¼ºÀ» ÂüÁ¶Çϸç À̼ӼºÀÇ
¹Ù·Î µÚÀÇ %TYPE ¿¡ÀÇÇØ ÁöÁ¤µÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ %TYPE Àº ¾ÕÀü¿¡ ¼±¾ðµÈ º¯¼öÀÇ ÀÚ·ãÇüÀ» ÂüÁ¶
ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. var3 ´Â ¹Ù·Î Àü¿¡ ¼±¾ðµÈ var2 ÀÇ ÀÚ·áÇüÀ» ÂüÁ¶ÇÑ´Ù.
- Trigger Procedure
-
PL/pgSQL Àº Æ®¸®°Å ÇÁ·Î½ÃÁ®¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ¾îÁú ¼ö Àִµ¥ CREATE FUNCTION¹®À» »ç¿ë
ÇÏ¿© »ý¼ºµÇ¾îÁø´Ù. »ý¼ºµÉ Æ®¸®°Å ÇÁ·Î½ÃÁ®´Â ´ëü·Î ÀÎÀÚ°¡¾ø°í opaqueÇüÀ» ¸®ÅÏÇÏ´Â ÇÔ¼ö
·Î¼ »ý¼ºµÇ¾îÁø´Ù.
Æ®¸®°Å ÇÁ·Î½ÃÁ®·Î¼ »ý¼ºµÈ ÇÔ¼ö¿¡´Â ¾à°£ÀÇ Æ¯¼öÇÑ º¯¼ö¸¦ °¡Áö¸ç ÀÌ´Â ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î »ý¼ºµÇ¾î
Áö¸ç ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
NEW : ROW ·¹º§ Æ®¸®°Å»ó¿¡¼ INSERT/UPDATE ·Î ÀÎÇØ »õ·Î¸® »ý¼ºµÈ
ROW ¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â º¯¼ö·Î¼ µ¥ÀÌŸŸÀÔÀº RECORD ÀÌ´Ù. RECORD
ÇüÀº ¹Ì¸® ±¸Á¶ÈµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ROWTYPE·Î¼ selectionÀ̳ª insert
,update ½Ã °á°ú·Î »ý¼ºµÈ ÇϳªÀÇ row ¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â ÇüÀÌ´Ù.
OLD : new ¿Í ´ëÁ¶µÇ´Â º¯¼ö·Î¼ UPDATE³ª DELETEÇü À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ º¯°æ
µÇ±â ÀüÀÇ ROW¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â º¯¼öÀÌ´Ù.
TG_NAME : µ¥ÀÌŸ ŸÀÔÀº NAME ÀÌ°í ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±âµ¿µÈ Æ®¸®°ÅÀÇ À̸§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
º¯¼öÀÌ´Ù.
TG_WHEN : textÇüÀÌ°í BEFORE³ª AFTER¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù.
TG_LEVEL : textÇüÀÌ°í ROW³ª STATEMENT¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù.
TG_OP : textÇüÀÌ°í INSERT³ª UPDATE³ª DELETE ¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù.
TG_RELID : oidÇüÀÌ°í(Object ID) Æ®¸®°Å¸¦ ±âµ¿½ÃÅ°´Â Å×À̺íÀÇ Object ID
ÀÌ´Ù.
TG_RELNAME : nameÇüÀÌ°í Æ®¸®°Å¸¦ ±âµ¿½ÃÅ°´Â Å×À̺íÀÇ name À» °¡Áö´Â º¯¼ö
ÀÌ´Ù.
TG_NARGS : IntegerÇüÀÌ°í Æ®¸®°Å ÇÁ·Î½ÃÁ®¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â ÀÎÀÚÀÇ °³¼öÀÌ´Ù.
TG_ARGV[] : array of text ÇüÀÌ°í Æ®¸®°Å ÇÁ·Î½ÃÁ®¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â ÀÎÀÚµéÀ»
°ªÀ¸·Î °¡Áö´Â ÅؽºÆ® ¹è¿ÇüÀÇ º¯¼öÀÌ´Ù.
´ÙÀ½À» ÈÀÏ·Î ¸¸µé¾î ½ÇÇàÇغ¸¼¼¿ä.
-------------------------------------------------------Cut here !!
DROP TRIGGER emp_stamp ON emp;
DROP FUNCTION emp_stamp() ;
DROP TABLE emp;
CREATE TABLE emp(
empname text,
salary int4,
last_date datetime,
last_user name
);
CREATE FUNCTION emp_stamp() RETURNS OPAQUE
AS '
BEGIN
IF NEW.empname ISNULL THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION ''empname cannot be NULL value'';
END IF;
IF NEW.salary ISNULL THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION ''% cannot have NULL salary'', NEW.empname ;
END IF;
IF NEW.salary < 0 THEN
RAISE NOTICE ''% cannot have a negative salary'', NEW.empname ;
END IF;
--NOTICE TEST
RAISE NOTICE ''TRIGGER NAME : %'',TG_NAME ;
RAISE NOTICE ''TRIGGER LEVEL : % TRIGGER OPERATION : %'',TG_LEVEL , TG_OP;
--EXCEPTION TEST
RAISE EXCEPTION ''TRIGGER WHEN : %'',TG_WHEN;
RAISE NOTICE ''TRIGGER LEVEL : % TRIGGER OPERATION : %'',TG_LEVEL , TG_OP;
NEW.last_date := ''now'';
NEW.last_user := getpgusername();
RETURN NEW;
END;
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
CREATE TRIGGER emp_stamp AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON emp
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE emp_stamp();
INSERT INTO emp(empname,salary) VALUES('nogadax',20);
INSERT INTO emp(empname) VALUES('winob');
INSERT INTO emp(salary) VALUES(10);
INSERT INTO emp(empname,salary) VALUES('diver',30);
INSERT INTO emp(salary) VALUES(-20);
SELECT * FROM emp;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------End !!
- ¼³¸í
-
RAISE´Â ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ ´øÁö´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. EXCEEPTIONÀº Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½ºÀÇ DEBUG·¹º§·Î¼
µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¿¡ log ¸¦ ³²±â°í Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀ» ÁßÁöÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ Å°¿öµå·Î NOTICE°¡ ÀÖ
´Âµ¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀº µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¸¦ ÀÛ¼ºÇÏ°í À̸¦ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÃøÀ¸·Îµµ Àü¼ÛÇÑ´Ù.
RAISE EXCEPTION ''% cannot have NULL salary'', NEW.empname ;
À§ÀÇ ¹®¿¡¼ '' ¿Í '' »çÀÌÀÇ % ´Â NEW.empname ÀÇ °ªÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù.
CREATE TRIGGER emp_stamp AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON emp
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE emp_stamp();
NEW.empnameÀÇ NEW´Â RECORDŸÀÔÀ¸·Î¼ Æ®¸®°ÅÀÇ À̺¥Æ®ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ´Â emp ÀÇ
±¸Á¶¸¦ °¡Áö¸ç NEW ÀÇ °ªÀº eventÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼ Ãß°¡µÇ°Å³ª º¯°æµÈ ÇàÀ» °¡Áø´Ù.
- Á¤¸®
-
- Declaration : ¼±¾ðºÎ
-
- name [CONSTANT] type [NOT NULL] [DEFAULT | :=value]
-
example )
DECLARE
var_a int4 DEFAULT 5;
--var_a º¯¼öÀÇ DEFAULTÀÇ °ªÀº 5ÀÌ´Ù.
- name class%ROWTYPE
-
example )
DECLARE
var_a test_table%ROWTYPE;
var_a º¯¼ö´Â test_table ÀÇ Å×ÀÌºí ±¸Á¶¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù.
- name RECORD
-
example )
DECLARE
var_a RECORD ;
ƯÁ¤ Å×À̺íÀÇ ±¸Á¶¸¦ °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê°í selection ÀÇ °á°ú¿¡
´ëÇÑ ±¸Á¶¸¦ °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.(NEW,OLD)§
- name ALIAS FOR $n;
-
$n ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º°Äª
- RENAME oldname TO newname
-
oldname¸¦ newname·Î ¹Ù²Þ
- Data Type : ÀÚ·áÇü
-
Postgres-BaseType : Æ÷½ºÆ® ±×·¹½ºÀÇ ±âº» ÀÚ·áÇü( int4,integer,text,char,..)
variable%TYPE
class.field%TYPE
- Expression
-
Select expression
- Statement : 󸮹®Àå
-
- Assignment : °ªÀÇ ÇÒ´ç
-
identifier :=expression;
SELECT expressions INTO target FROM ...
PERFORM query : Calling another function
RETURN expression;
RAISE [NOTICE | EXCEPTION] '' message % '',variable
- Á¦¾î¹®
-
IF expression THEN
statements
[ELSE statements]
END IF;
[label]
LOOP statements END LOOP;
[label]
WHILE expression LOOP statements END LOOP;
[label]
FOR name IN [REVERSE] expression LOOP statements END LOOP;
[label]
FOR record | row IN select_clause LOOP statement
END LOOP;
EXIT [label] [WHEN expression];
Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½º¿¡¼´Â ÇÑ Æ©ÇÃÀÇ »çÀÌÁî°¡ 8192 Byte (8k Bytes) ·Î Á¦ÇѵǾî ÀÖ´Ù.
ÇϳªÀÇ ·¹Äڵ忡 µé¾î°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â µ¥ÀÌŸÀÇ ÃÑ Å©±â°¡ Á¦ÇѵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î À̹ÌÁö³ª
»çÀÌÁî°¡ 8K ¸¦ ³Ñ´Â ¹®¼µéÀº ´Ù¸£°Ô ÀúÀåµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½º´Â Large Object ¶ó´Â °³³äÀ¸·Î À̸¦ ±Øº¹ÇÏ·ÁÇÑ´Ù. °ú°Å¿¡ Æ÷½ºÆ®±×
·¹½º´Â ÀÌ·± Å« »çÀÌÁîÀÇ µ¥ÀÌŸ¸¦ À§ÇØ 3°¡ÁöÀÇ Áö¿øÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª »ç¿ëÀÚµé»çÀÌÀÇ
ÀæÀº È¥¶õÀ¸·Î Çϳª¸¸À» Áö¿øÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í ±×°ÍÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¾ÈÀÇ µ¥ÀÌŸ·Î
¼ÀÇ Large Object ¸¦ Áö¿øÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¾×¼¼½º¸¦ ÇÒ¶§ ´À¸±¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ µ¥ÀÌŸ
¹«°á¼ºÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.
Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½º´Â Large Object ¸¦ ÂÉ°³¾î À̸¦ µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽ºÀÇ Æ©Çõ鿡 ÀúÀåÇÑ´Ù.
B-tree À妽º´Â ·£´ýÇÑ resd-write ¾×¼¼½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºü¸¥ °Ë»öÀ» º¸ÁõÇÑ´Ù.
´ÙÀ½Àº ¿¹Á¦ÀÌ´Ù.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
drop table image;
BEGIN WORK;
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;
create table image(
name text,
raster oid
);
insert into image (name , raster)
values ('snapshot' , lo_import('/usr/local/src/snapshot01.gif') );
select lo_export (image.raster , '/tmp/snap.gif')
from image where name='snapshot';
COMMIT WORK;
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Large Object Note
-
À§ÀÇ ¿¹Á¦¿¡¼ ¸í½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î Æ®·£Àè¼Ç³»¿¡¼ Large Object ÀÇ Ã³¸®°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ´Â Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½º 6.5 ¹öÁ¯´ë¿¡¼ºÎÅÍÀÇ Large Object 󸮿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ä±¸»çÇ×À¸·Î¼
6.5 ÀÌÀü ¹öÁ¯ÀÇ ¾Ï½ÃÀûÀÎ Æ®·£Àè¼Ç ¿ä±¸»çÇ×°ú´Â ´Þ¸® ¸í½ÃÀûÀÎ Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ
´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ä±¸»çÇ×ÀÌ ¹«½ÃµÈ´Ù¸é, Áï ¸í½ÃÀûÀÎ Æ®·£Àè¼Ç¹®ÀÌ ÀÛ¼ºµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ºñÁ¤
¼ºÀûÀÎ °á°ú¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù.
- ¼³¸í
-
BEGIN WORK;
»ç¿ëÀÚ Á¤ÀÇ Æ®·£Àè¼Ç ½ÃÀÛ
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;
Æ®·£Àè¼Ç ·¹º§ Áß °¡Àå °·ÂÇÑ SERIZABLE ·¹º§·Î Àç ¼³Á¤À» ÇÔ.
Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½ºÀÇ Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀÇ µðÆúÆ® ·¹º§Àº "READ COMMITTED" ·Î¼ Æ®·£Àè¼Ç ³»ÀÇ
query ´Â ÀÌ query °¡ ½ÇÇàµÇ±âÀü¿¡ commit µÈ µ¥ÀÌŸ¸¸ ´Ù·ê ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
SERIALIZABLE ´Â Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½ºÀÇ °¡Àå °·ÂÇÑ Æ®·£Àè¼Ç ·¹º§·Î¼ Æ®·£Àè¼Ç³»ÀÇ
query´Â query½ÃÀÛÀüÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ±× Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵DZâÀü¿¡ commitµÈ µ¥ÀÌŸ¸¸À»
´Ù·ê¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
OID ´Â °´Ã¼¿¡´ëÇÑ Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½ºÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ °ü·Ã ½Äº°ÀÚÀÌ´Ù.
lo_import(Àоî¿Ã µ¥ÀÌŸÀÇ PATH); ´Â µ¥ÀÌŸ¸¦ ÀоîµéÀÌ´Â Large Object °ü·Ã
³»Àå ÇÔ¼öÀÌ´Ù.
lo_export( OID , µ¥ÀÌŸ°¡ ¾²¿©Áú ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ PATH); ´Â µ¥ÀÌŸ¸¦ ÀÐ¾î¼ ²¨³»´Â
Large Object °ü·Ã ³»ÀåÇÔ¼öÀÌ´Ù.
COMMIT WORK; ´Â Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀÇ ¿Ï·á¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ ½ÇÁúÀûÀÎ °»½ÅÀ̳ª »èÁ¦µîÀÌ
ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.
Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀÇ ¼º°Ý(ACID)
¿øÀÚ¼º : ÇϳªÀÇ Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀº ´Ù¼öÀÇ query¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ´Â ´ÜÁö ÇϳªÀÇ
(ATOMIC) query ÀÎ¾ç ½ÇÇàµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÏ°ü¼º : Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀÇ ¼öÇà¿¡ ´ëÇØ µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽ºÀÇ µ¥ÀÌŸµéÀÇ ÀÏ°ü¼ºÀº
(CONSISTENT) À¯ÁöµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
ºÐ¸® : °¢ Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀº ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î ´Ù¸¥ Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÁß¿¡ °£¼·Çؼ´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.
(ISOLATABLE) ÀÌ´Â º´·Ä (CONCURRENCY) Á¦¾îÀÇ °³³äÀ¸·Î µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º´Â ¸ÖƼ
À¯Àú ȯ°æÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î °¢ À¯ÀúÀÇ Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀº ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ·ç
¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
¿µ±¸¼º : Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀÇ ¼öÇàÈÄ commit µÈ µ¥ÀÌŸµéÀº ¿µ±¸ÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÁöµÇ¾î¾ß
(DURABLE) ÇÑ´Ù.
Æ®·£Àè¼Ç °ü·Ã SQL ¸í·É¾î Á¤¸®
- BEGIN [WORK | TRANSACTION]
-
BEGIN : »õ·Î¿î Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀÌ Chain Mode·Î ½ÃÀÛÇßÀ½À» ¾Ë¸°´Ù.
WORK , TRANCTION : Optional Keyword. They have no effect.
- COMMIT [WORK | TRANSACTION]
-
Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÈÄ º¯°æµÈ °á°ú¸¦ ÀúÀå.
- END [WORK | TRANCTION]
-
ÇöÀç Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀ» COMMIT.
END´Â Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½º È®ÀåÀ¸·Î¼ COMMIT ¿Í °°Àº ÀǹÌÀÌ´Ù.
- LOCK [TABLE] name
-
- LOCK [TABLE] name IN [ROW | ACCESS] {SHARE | EXCLUSIVE} MODE
-
- LOCK [TABLE] name IN SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE
-
¸í½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î Æ®·£Àè¼Ç ³»ÀÇ Å×À̺íÀ» Àá±Ý.
- ROLLBACK [WORK | TRANSACTION]
-
ÇöÀç Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀ» ÁßÁöÇÑ´Ù.
- ABORT [WORK | TRANSACTION]
-
ÇöÀç Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀ» ÁßÁöÇÑ´Ù. ABORT ´Â Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½º È®ÀåÀ¸·Î ROLLBACK¿Í
°°Àº Àǹ̷μ ¾²ÀδÙ.
- SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL {READ COMMITTED | SERIALIZABLE}
-
ÇöÀç Æ®·£Àè¼Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ¸® ·¹º§À» ¼³Á¤ÇÑ´Ù.
- ¼³¸í
-
INSERT INTO tab VALUES('qwe','www',123);
À§ÀÇ INSERT¹® ÀÌ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù¸é commit µÉ°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¾Æ´Ï¸é RollBack µÉ°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇØ, À§ÀÇ ¹®ÀÌ ¼º°øÇϸé
µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¿¡ ±×¿¡ µû¸¥ µ¥ÀÌŸ°¡ ÀúÀåµÇ°í ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê°í
INSERT ÀÇ ½ÇÇà°á°ú°¡ ERROR ÀÌ¸é µ¥ÀÌŸ´Â ÀúÀåµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
À̸¦ autocommit ¶ó Çϴµ¥ ¶ÇÇÑ ´Ù¸¥¸»·Î unchained mode
¶ó°íµµ ÇÑ´Ù.
Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½º¿¡¼ÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¸í·ÉµéÀÇ ½ÇÇàÀº unchained mode ÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í À̸¦ Á» ´õ ±×¼úÀûÀ¸·Î ¼¼úÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
"°¢°¢ÀÇ ¹®Àå(statement)µéÀº ¾Ï½ÃÀûÀÎ Æ®·£Àè¼Ç³»¿¡¼ ½ÇÇàµÇ¾îÁö°í
±× ¹®ÀåÀÇ ³¡ºÎºÐ¿¡¼ commit°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Âµ¥ ½ÇÇàÀÌ ¼º°øÀûÀ̸é commit
°¡ ÇàÇØÁö°í ¹Ý´ë·Î ½ÇÇàÀÌ ¼º°øÀûÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é rollback µÇ¾îÁø´Ù."
°á±¹Àº °³º°ÀûÀÎ SQL ¹®µéÀÇ ½ÇÇà¿¡ ÀÖ¾î »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀº Àڽŵµ ¸ð¸£°Ô
Æ®·£Àè¼Ç³»¿¡¼ ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í ¶ÇÇÑ ±× °á°úµµ Àڽŵµ ¸ð¸£°Ô commit
À̰ųª rollbackÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.
BEGIN Àº ¸í½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇϸç autocommit ÀÌ µÇÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù(chained mode). ¸í½ÃÀûÀÎ commit ¹®ÀÌ ¿Ã¶§±îÁö ÀÛ¾÷µéÀÇ °á°úµéÀÌ
µ¥ÀÌŸº£À̽º¿¡ ÀúÀåµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
BEGIN ¹® ¹Ù·Î µÚ¿¡ SET ¹®À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ±× Æ®·£Àè¼ÇÀÇ Æ®·£Àè¼Ç ºÐ¸® ·¹º§
À» ÁöÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. SET ¹®ÀÇ ¿¹´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
BEGIN WORK;
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE
INSERT INTO tab VALUES(1,2,3);
INSERT INTO tab VALUES(3,4,5);
COMMIT WORK;
Æ®·£Àè¼Ç ºÐ¸® Á¤Ã¥Àº ¿©·¯ À¯ÀúÀÇ µ¿½Ã¼º ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸´Ù °·ÂÇÑ Á¦ÇÑÀ̶ó ÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ°Ú´Ù. Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½º¿¡ÀÇ µðÆúÆ® Æ®·£Àè¼Ç ºÐ¸®·¹º§Àº "READ COMMITTED"
ÀÌ´Ù. READ COMMITTED º¸´Ù ´õ¿í´õ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ ·¹º§ÀÌ SERIALIZABLE ÀÌ´Ù.
http://database.sarang.net
http://www.postgresql.org
postgresql µµÅ¥¸ÕÆ®
programmer's guide
user's guide
¿À¶óŬ °ü·Ã µµ¼.
ÀÇ¿Ü·Î Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½º¿Í ¿À¶óŬÀÌ ºñ½ÁÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ ¸¹´õ±º¿ä.
°³³äÀûÀ¸·Î Àß ÀÌÇØ°¡ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§ ÂüÁ¶¸¦ ÇÏ¸é¼ Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¹½º¸¦
°øºÎÇϸé ÁÁÀ» °Ì´Ï´Ù.
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