스크립트가 무엇을 하는가에 대한 설명은 스크립트의 시작 부분의 주의 사항을 보라.
백업시 실행되는 이 스크립트는 복구시에도 실행되어 아래의 make.dev.hda와 비슷한 스크립트를 만들어 낸다. 이것은 아래의 dev.hda와 유사한 자료 파일도 만들어 낸다. 스크립트의 이름과 만들어지는 자료 파일의 이름은 이 스크립트에 매개변수로 주어지는 장치에 따라 달라진다. 복구시에 실행되는 그 스크립트는 하드드라이브에 분할영역을 새로이 만들어 낸다. make.fdisk는 아래의 save.metadata로부터 이름이 유래했다.
#! /usr/bin/perl # A perl script to create a script and input file for fdisk to # re-create the partitions on the hard disk, and format the Linux and # Linux swap partitions. The first parameter is the fully qualified # path of the device of the hard disk, e.g. /dev/hda. The two # resulting files are the script make.dev.x and the data file dev.x # (where x is the hard drive described, e.g. hda, sdc). make.dev.x is # run at restore time to rebuild hard drive x, prior to running # restore.metadata. dev.x is the input file for fdisk. # Time-stamp: <2002-09-10 10:18:44 root make.fdisk> # Copyright 2001 through the last date of modification Charles Curley # except for the subroutine cut2fmt. # cut2fmt Copyright (c) 1998 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington and # O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Permission is granted to use this code # freely EXCEPT for book publication. You may use this code for book # publication only with the explicit permission of O'Reilly & # Associates, Inc. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the # Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your # option) any later version. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # General Public License for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along # with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., # 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA # In addition, as a special exception, Tom Christiansen, Nathan # Torkington and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. give permission to use # the code of this program with the subroutine cut2fmt (or with # modified versions of the subroutine cut2fmt that use the same # license as the subroutine cut2fmt), and distribute linked # combinations including the two. You must obey the GNU General # Public License in all respects for all of the code used other than # the subroutine cut2fmt. If you modify this file, you may extend # this exception to your version of the file, but you are not # obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do so, delete this # exception statement and the subroutine cut2fmt from your version. # You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/ # Changes: # 2002 09 08: Added minimal support for ext3fs. We now detect mounted # ext3fs partitions & rebuild but with no options. The detection # depends on the command line "dumpe2fs <device> 2>/dev/null | grep -i # journal" producing no output for an ext2fs, and output (we don't # care what) for an ext3fs. # This could stand extension to support non-default ext3 options such # as the type of journaling. Volunteers? # 2002 07 25: Bad block checking is now a command line option (-c) at # the time the product script is run. # 2002 07 03: Corrected the mechanism for specifying the default # drive. # 2001 11 25: Changed the way mke2fs gets its bad block # list. badblocks does not guess at the block size, so you have to get # it (from dumpe2fs) and feed it to badblocks. It is simpler to just # have mke2fs call badblocks, but you do loose the ability to have a # writing test easily. -- C^2 # 2001 11 25: Changed the regex that extracts partition labels from # the mount command. This change does not affect the results at all, # it just makes it possible to use Emacs' perl mode to indent # correctly. I just escaped the left bracket in the regex. -- C^2 # Discussion: # fdisk will spit out a file of the form below if you run it as "fdisk # -l". # root@tester ~/bin $ fdisk -l /dev/hda # Disk /dev/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 1023 cylinders # Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes # Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System # /dev/hda1 1 9 18112+ 83 Linux # /dev/hda2 10 1023 2044224 5 Extended # /dev/hda5 10 368 723712+ 83 Linux # /dev/hda6 369 727 723712+ 83 Linux # /dev/hda7 728 858 264064+ 83 Linux # /dev/hda8 859 989 264064+ 83 Linux # /dev/hda9 990 1022 66496+ 82 Linux swap # What fdisk does not do is provide output suitable for later # importing into fdisk, a la sfdisk. This script parses the output # from fdisk and creates an input file for fdisk. Use the input file # like so: # fdisk /dev/hdx < dev.hdx # For the bare metal restore package, this script also builds a script # that will execute the above command so you can run it from your zip # disk. Because the bare metal restore scripts all are in /root/bin, # the data file and script created by this script are also placed # there. The same script also creates appropriate Linux file systems, # either ext2fs, or Linux swap. There is limited support for FAT12 and # FAT16. There is no support right now (hint, hint) for FAT32. For # anything else, you're on your own. # Note for FAT32: According to the MS KB, there are more than one # reserved sectors for FAT32, usually 32, but it can vary. Do a search # in M$'s KB for "boot sector" or BPB for the gory details. For more # info than you really need on how boot sectors are used, see # http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q140/4/18.asp # You can also edit dev.x to change the sizes of partitions. Don't # forget, if you change the size of a FAT partition across the 32MB # boundary, you need to change the type as well! Run "fdisk /dev/hda" # or some such, then the l command to see the available partition # types. Then go ahead and edit dev.x appropriately. Also, when moving # partition boundarys with hand edits, make sure you move both logical # and extended partition boundaries appropriately. # Bad block checking right now is a quick read of the partition. A # writing check is also possible but more difficult. You have to run # badblocks as a separate command, and pass the bad block list to # mke2fs in a file (in /tmp, which is a ram disk). You also have to # know how large the blocks are, which you learn by running # dumpe2fs. It gets messy and I haven't done it yet. You probably # don't need it for a new hard drive, but if you have had a hard drive # crash on you and you are reusing it (while you are waiting for its # replacement to come in, I presume), then I highly recommend it. Let # me know how you do it. # For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at # http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/. # cut2fmt figures out the format string for the unpack function we use # to slice and dice the output from fdisk. From Christiansen and # Torkington, Perl Cookbook 5. sub cut2fmt { my (@positions) = @_; my $template = ''; my $lastpos = 1; foreach $place (@positions) { $template .= "A" . ($place - $lastpos) . " "; $lastpos = $place; } $template .= "A*"; return $template; } # Begin main line code. # Provide a default device. # print "\$ARGV[0] is $ARGV[0].\n"; $device = defined ($ARGV[0]) ? $ARGV[0] : "/dev/hda"; # print "Device is $device.\n"; # prepare format string. $fmt = cut2fmt (11, 19, 24, 34, 45, 49); # print "Format string is $fmt.\n\n"; # define fields in the array @_. $dev = 0; $bootable = 1; $firstcyl = 2; $lastcyl = 3; $parttype = 5; $partstring = 6; $target = "\/target"; $outputfilename = $device; $outputfilename =~ s/\//./g; $outputfilename = substr ($outputfilename, 1, 100); $outputfilepath = "\/root\/bin\/"; # Make a hash of the labels. $mpid = open (MOUNT, "mount -l |") or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n"; while (<MOUNT>) { if ($_ =~ /^$device/i) { # is this a line with a partition in it? # print $_; # print it just for grins split; if ($_[6] ne "") { # only process if there actually is a label $_[6] =~ s/[\[\]]//g; # strike [ and ]. $labels{$_[0]} = $_[6]; # print "The label of file device $_[0] is $labels{$_[0]}.\n"; } # We only mount if it's ext2fs or ext3fs and read and write. if ($_[4] =~ /ext[23]/ and $_[5] eq "(rw)" ) { $mountpoints{$_[2]} = $_[0]; # print "$_[2] is the mountpoint for $mountpoints{$_[2]}.\n"; } } } close (MOUNT); $fpid = open (FDISK, "fdisk -l $device |") or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n"; open (OUTPUT, "> $outputfilepath${outputfilename}") or die "Couldn't open output file $outputfilepath${outputfilename}.\n"; while (<FDISK>) { if ($_ =~ /^$device/i) { # is this a line with a partition in it? # print $_; # print it just for grins chop; # kill trailing \r @_ = unpack ($fmt, $_); # now strip white spaces from cylinder numbers @_[$firstcyl] =~ s/[ \t]+//; @_[$lastcyl] =~ s/[ \t]+//; @_[$parttype] =~ s/[ \t]+//; $partnumber = substr(@_[$dev], 8, 10); # get partition number for this line # just for grins # print " $partnumber, @_[$firstcyl], @_[$lastcyl], @_[$partstring]\n"; # Here we start creating the input to recreate the partition # this line represents. print OUTPUT "n\n"; if ($partnumber < 5) { # primary Linux partition if (@_[$parttype] == 83) { print OUTPUT "p\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n"; if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) { # in case it's all on one cylinder print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n"; } # Now detect if this is an ext3 (journaling) # partition. We do this using dumpe2fs to dump the # partition and grepping on "journal". If the # partition is ext2, there will be no output. If it is # ext3, there will be output, and we use that fact to # set a command line switch. The command line switch # goes into an associative array (hash) so we don't # have to remember to reset it to the null string when # we're done. $dpid = open (DUMPE2FS, "dumpe2fs @_[$dev] 2>/dev/null | grep -i journal |") or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n"; while (<DUMPE2FS>) { # print "Dumpe2fs: $_"; $ext3{$_[$dev]} = "-j "; last; } close (DUMPE2FS); if ($labels{@_[$dev]}) { # do we have a label? $format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n"; $format .= "mke2fs $ext3{$_[$dev]}\$blockcheck -L $labels{@_[$dev]} @_[$dev]\n\n"; } else { $format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n"; $format .= "mke2fs $ext3{$_[$dev]}\$blockcheck @_[$dev]\n\n"; } # extended partition } elsif (@_[$parttype] == 5) { print OUTPUT "e\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n"; if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) { print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n"; } # primary Linux swap partition } elsif (@_[$parttype] == 82) { print OUTPUT "p\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n"; if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) { print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n"; } print OUTPUT "t\n$partnumber\n82\n"; $format .= "echo Making @_[$dev] a swap partition.\n"; $format .= "mkswap \$blockcheck @_[$dev]\n\n"; # primary mess-dos partition. We don't handle FAT32, # which requires a command line switch for mkdosfs. } elsif ( @_[$parttype] == 1 || @_[$parttype] == 4 || @_[$parttype] == 6 ) { print ("dd if=@_[$dev] of=$outputfilepath$outputfilename$partnumber"); print (" bs=512 count=1\n"); system ("dd if=@_[$dev] of=$outputfilepath$outputfilename$partnumber bs=512 count=1"); print OUTPUT "p\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n"; if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) { # in case it's all on one cylinder print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n"; } print OUTPUT "t\n$partnumber\n@_[$parttype]\n"; $format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n"; $format .= "mkdosfs \$blockcheck @_[$dev]\n"; $format .= "# restore FAT boot sector.\n"; $format .= "dd if=$outputfilename$partnumber of=@_[$dev] bs=512 count=1\n\n"; } else { # anything else partition print OUTPUT "p\n@_[$firstcyl]\n"; if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) { print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n"; } print OUTPUT "t\n$partnumber\n@_[$parttype]\n"; } } else { # logical Linux partition if (@_[$parttype] == 83) { print OUTPUT "l\n@_[$firstcyl]\n"; if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) { print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n"; } # Now detect if this is an ext3 (journaling) # partition. We do this using dumpe2fs to dump the # partition and grepping on "journal". If the # partition is ext2, there will be no output. If it is # ext3, there will be output, and we use that fact to # set a command line switch. The command line switch # goes into an associative array (hash) so we don't # have to remember to reset it to the null string when # we're done. $dpid = open (DUMPE2FS, "dumpe2fs @_[$dev] 2>/dev/null | grep -i journal |") or die "Couldn't fork: $!\n"; while (<DUMPE2FS>) { # print "Dumpe2fs: $_"; $ext3{$_[$dev]} = "-j "; last; } close (DUMPE2FS); if ($labels{@_[$dev]}) { # do we have a label? $format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n"; $format .= "mke2fs $ext3{@_[$dev]}\$blockcheck -L $labels{@_[$dev]} @_[$dev]\n\n"; } else { $format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n"; $format .= "mke2fs $ext3{@_[$dev]}\$blockcheck @_[$dev]\n\n"; } # logical Linux swap partition } elsif (@_[$parttype] == 82 ) { print OUTPUT "l\n@_[$firstcyl]\n"; if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) { print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n"; } print OUTPUT "t\n$partnumber\n82\n"; $format .= "echo Making @_[$dev] a swap partition.\n"; $format .= "mkswap \$blockcheck @_[$dev]\n\n"; # primary mess-dos partition. We don't handle FAT32, # which requires a command line switch for mkdosfs. } elsif ( @_[$parttype] == 1 || @_[$parttype] == 4 || @_[$parttype] == 6 ) { print ("dd if=@_[$dev] of=$outputfilepath$outputfilename$partnumber"); print (" bs=512 count=1\n"); system ("dd if=@_[$dev] of=$outputfilepath$outputfilename$partnumber bs=512 count=1"); print OUTPUT "p\n$partnumber\n@_[$firstcyl]\n"; if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) { # in case it's all on one cylinder print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n"; } print OUTPUT "t\n$partnumber\n@_[$parttype]\n"; $format .= "echo\necho formatting $checking@_[$dev]\n"; $format .= "mkdosfs \$blockcheck @_[$dev]\n"; $format .= "# restore FAT boot sector.\n"; $format .= "dd if=$outputfilename$partnumber of=@_[$dev] bs=512 count=1\n\n"; } else { # anything else partition print OUTPUT "l\n@_[$firstcyl]\n"; if (@_[$firstcyl] ne @_[$lastcyl]) { print OUTPUT "@_[$lastcyl]\n"; } print OUTPUT "t\n$partnumber\n@_[$parttype]\n"; } } # handle bootable partitions if (@_[$bootable] =~ /\*/) { print OUTPUT "a\n$partnumber\n"; } } } print OUTPUT "v\nw\n"; close (OUTPUT); close (FDISK); open (OUTPUT, "> ${outputfilepath}make.$outputfilename") or die "Couldn't open output file ${outputfilepath}make.$outputfilename.\n"; print OUTPUT <<FINIS; #! /bin/sh # A script to restore the partition data of a hard drive and format # the partitions. Created at bare metal backup time by the Perl script # make.fdisk. # Copyright 2001 through the last date of modification Charles Curley. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the # Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your # option) any later version. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # General Public License for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along # with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., # 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA # You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/ # For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at # http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/. export blockcheck=\$1; if [ "\$blockcheck" != "-c" ] && [ -n "\$blockcheck" ] then echo "\${0}: automated restore with no human interaction." echo "\${0}: -c: block check during file system making." exit 1; fi FINIS # Clean the old partition table out. print OUTPUT "dd if=/dev/zero of=$device bs=512 count=2\n\nsync\n\n"; print OUTPUT "fdisk $device \< $outputfilename\n\nsync\n\n"; print OUTPUT $format; # Now build the mount points on the root and other partitions. # We have a hash of mount points and devices in %mountpoints. However, # we have to process them such that directories are built on the # appropriate target partition. E.g. where /usr/local is on its own # partition, we have to mount /usr before we build /usr/local. We can # ensure this by sorting them. Shorter mount point paths will be built # first. We can't sort a hash directly, so we use an array. # We build commands to create the appropriate mount points and then # mount the partitions to the mount points. This is in preparation for # untarring the contents of the ZIP disk, done in restore.metadata. foreach $point ( sort keys %mountpoints) { print OUTPUT "\n# $point is the mountpoint for $mountpoints{$point}.\n"; print OUTPUT "mkdir $target$point\n"; print OUTPUT "mount $mountpoints{$point} $target$point\n"; } close (OUTPUT); # These scripts are dangerous & should only be visible to root. chmod 0700, "${outputfilepath}make.$outputfilename"; chmod 0600, "${outputfilepath}$outputfilename"; |
이 스크립트는 위의 make.fdisk에 의해서 만들어지는 파일 중 하나의 예이다. 자료 파일을 dev.hda와 같이 사용하며, 분할영역을 만들고 파일시스템을 만든다. 복구시에 가장 처음으로 실행되는 스크립트이다.
만약 여러분이 예를 들어 새 분할 영역을 추가하기 위해서 dev.hda를 편집할 만큼 용기가 있어 시도한다면, 이 스크립트 또한 편집해야 한다.
만약 여러분이 분할 영역에 대해 파일 시스템을 쓰려할 때 손상된 블록에 대하여 점검하기를 원한다면, "-c" 명령 옵션을 사용하라.
#! /bin/sh # A script to restore the partition data of a hard drive and format # the partitions. Created at bare metal backup time by the Perl script # make.fdisk. # Copyright 2001 through the last date of modification Charles Curley. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the # Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your # option) any later version. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # General Public License for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along # with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., # 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA # You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/ # For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at # http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/. dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=2 sync fdisk /dev/hda < dev.hda sync echo echo formatting and checking /dev/hda1 mkdosfs -c /dev/hda1 # restore FAT boot sector. dd if=dev.hda1 of=/dev/hda1 bs=512 count=1 echo echo formatting and checking /dev/hda2 badblocks -c 128 -o /tmp/dev.hda2 /dev/hda2 mke2fs -L /boot -l /tmp/dev.hda2 /dev/hda2 echo echo formatting and checking /dev/hda5 badblocks -c 128 -o /tmp/dev.hda5 /dev/hda5 mke2fs -L / -l /tmp/dev.hda5 /dev/hda5 mkswap -c /dev/hda6 # / is the mountpoint for /dev/hda5. mkdir /target/ mount /dev/hda5 /target/ # /boot is the mountpoint for /dev/hda2. mkdir /target/boot mount /dev/hda2 /target/boot |
이 자료 파일은 복구시에 사용된다. make.dev.hda 스크립트에 의해 fdisk로 연결된다. 이 파일은 백업시에 make.fdisk 스크립트에 의해서 만들어진다. fdisk에 익숙한 사람들은 내용이 fdisk의 명령어나 사용되는 값(실린더 수 같은)이라는 것을 알 수 있을 것이다. 그러므로, 이 파일을 편집함으로써, 분할 영역의 크기를 바꾸고 새 분할영역을 더하는 것이 가능하다. 그래서 마지막에서 두 번째 명령어가 하드 드라이브에 쓰기 전에 분할 영역을 확인하는 것, v가 되는 것이다.
n p 1 1 29 t 1 6 a 1 n p 2 30 44 n e 3 45 1023 n l 45 944 n l 945 1023 t 6 82 v w |
이 스크립트는 백업의 한 부분으로 실행되는 첫 스크립트이다. 이것은 위의 make.fdisk를 호출한다. 만약 여러분이 백업할 것이 SCSI 하드 드라이브이거나 혹은 여러 개의 하드 드라이브라면, 적절하게 make.fdisk를 호출하도록 이 스크립트를 편집하라.
#! /bin/sh # A script to save certain meta-data off to the boot partition. Useful for # restoration. # Time-stamp: <2002-08-23 16:30:05 ccurley save.metadata> # Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification, Charles Curley. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the # Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your # option) any later version. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # General Public License for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along # with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., # 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA # You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/ # 2002 07 01: Went to bzip2 to compress the archives, for smaller # results. This is important in a 100MB ZIP disk. Also some general # code cleanup. # 2002 07 01: The function crunch will tar and BZIP2 the # archives. This is cleaner than the old code, and has better safety # checking. # For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at # http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/. # Crunch: A function to compress the contents of a directory and put # the archive onto the ZIP disk. # The first parameter is the name of the archive file to be # created. The backup location, $zip, will be prepended and the # extension, "tar.bz2" will be appended. # All following parameters will be taken as additional directories or # files to be put into the archive. function crunch { if [ -z "$1" ] || [ -z "$2" ] # Checks if parameter #1 or #2 is zero length. then echo "-Parameter #1 or #2 is missing.-" # Also if no parameter is passed. return 1 else local file=$1 # The archive file to create shift # Discard the file name local dirs=$@ # The director[y|ies] to archive local tarcmd="tar -cjf" # The tar command. $tarcmd $zip/$file.tar.bz2 $dirs # do it!! error=$? # Preserve the exit code if [ $error != 0 ] # Did we fail? then # Yes echo "Tar failed with error $error" echo $tarcmd $zip/$file.tar.bz2 $dirs exit $error # return tar's exit code as ours fi return 0 # For error testing if needed. fi } # Begin the main line code export zip="/mnt/zip"; # Where we will put archives # export save="/mnt/save"; echo "saving hard drive info" make.fdisk /dev/hda # back up RPM metadata echo "Verifying RPMs." rpm -Va > /etc/rpmVa.txt echo "Finished verifying RPMs; now mounting the ZIP drive." # Make sure we have the ZIP drive mounted. umount $zip modprobe ppa # Driver for 100MB parallel port ZIP disk mount /dev/sda1 # It should have ext2fs on partition 1. # clean it all out rm -r $zip/* mkdir $zip/lost+found echo "Building the ZIP drive backups." # These are in case we need to refer to them while rebuilding. The # rebuilding process should be mostly automated, but you never # know.... fdisk -l /dev/hda > $zip/fdisk.hda ls -al /mnt > $zip/ls.mnt.txt ls -al / > $zip/ls.root.txt mkdir $zip/etc; cp -p /etc/* $zip/etc cd / # Build our minimal archives on the ZIP disk. These appear to be # required so we can restore later on. crunch boot boot crunch root root crunch etc etc crunch lib lib crunch usr.sbin usr/sbin crunch usr.bin usr/bin crunch sbin sbin crunch bin bin crunch dev dev # Now optional saves. # arkeia specific: # crunch arkeia usr/knox # save these so we can use ssh for restore. *crack* for RH 7.0 login # authentication. crunch usr.lib usr/lib/*crack* usr/lib/libz* usr/lib/libssl* usr/lib/libcrypto* # save the scripts we used to create the ZIP disk and the ones we will # use to restore it. mkdir $zip/root.bin cp -p /root/bin/* $zip/root.bin rm $zip/root.bin/*~ $zip/root.bin/#*# echo "Testing our results." find $zip -iname "*.bz2" | xargs bunzip2 -t # Not a normal part of the process: we duplicate the ZIP disk onto an # NFS mount elsewhere. # echo "Backing the ZIP drive to the NFS mount." # umount $save # mount $save # rm -r $save/zip # mkdir $save/zip # cp -pr $zip $save df -m |
이 스크립트는 일단계 복구로서 ZIP disk에서 metadata를 복구한다.
#! /bin/sh # A script to restore the meta-data from the ZIP disk. This runs under # tomsrtbt only after partitions have been rebuilt, file systems made, # and mounted. It also assumes the ZIP disk has already been # mounted. Mounting the ZIP disk read only is probably a good idea. # Time-stamp: <2002-09-10 11:05:43 ccurley restore.metadata> # Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the # Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your # option) any later version. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # General Public License for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along # with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., # 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA # You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/ # 2002 07 01: Went to bzip2 to compress the archives, for smaller # results. This is important in a 100MB ZIP disk. Also some general # code cleanup. # For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at # http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/. zip="/mnt"; # Where we mount the zip drive. target="/target"; # Where the hard drive to restore is mounted. ls -lt $zip # Warm fuzzies for the user. cd $target # Restore the archived metadata files. for archive in $( ls $zip/*.bz2 ); do echo $archive ls -al $archive bzip2 -dc $archive | tar -xf - done # Build the mount points for our second stage restoration and other # things. # If you boot via an initrd, make sure you build a directory here so # the kernel can mount the initrd. for dir in mnt mnt/save mnt/zip mnt/cdrom mnt/floppy mnt/imports proc; do mkdir $target/$dir done chmod a-w $target/proc # Restore /proc's read-only permissions # Restore the scripts we used to create the ZIP disk and the ones we will # use to restore it. These should be the latest & greatest in case we had # to do any editing during 1st stage restore. cp -p $zip/root.bin/* $target/root/bin # Now install the boot sector. chroot $target /sbin/lilo -C /etc/lilo.conf df -m |
This script runs the entire first stage restore with no operator intervention.
If you want make.dev.hda to check for bad blocks when it puts a file system on the partitions, use a "-c" command line option.
#! /bin/sh # A master script to run the other, detailed scripts. Use this script # only if you want no human intervention in the restore process. The # only option is -c, which forces bad block checking during formatting # of the partitions. # Time-stamp: <2002-07-25 14:22:03 ccurley first.stage> # Copyright 2002 through the last date of modification Charles Curley. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the # Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your # option) any later version. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # General Public License for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along # with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., # 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA # You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/ export blockcheck=$1; if [ "$blockcheck" != "-c" ] && [ -n "$blockcheck" ] then echo "${0}: automated restore with no human interaction." echo "${0}: -c: block check during file system making." exit 1; fi cd /mnt/root.bin # just in case we aren't already where we should be. for drive in $( ls make.dev.* ); do ./$drive $blockcheck; done restore.metadata |
이 스크립트는 백업하거나 복구할 컴퓨터에서 실행한다.
이 스크립트는 NFS 마운트를 이용해서 다른 컴퓨터에 저장한다. tape 드라이브나 다른 매체에 저장하도록 할 수 있다.
#! /bin/sh # Back up the entire system to another computer's drive. To make this # work, we need a convenient chunk of disk space on the remote computer we # can nfs mount as /mnt/save. # Time-stamp: <2001-11-19 09:19:35 ccurley back.up.all> # Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the # Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your # option) any later version. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # General Public License for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along # with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., # 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA # You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/ # For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at # http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/. save="/mnt/save" # Make sure it's there umount $save mount $save cd / rm $save/tester.tar.old.gz mv $save/tester.tar.gz $save/tester.tar.old.gz # save everything except /mnt, /proc, and nfs mounted directories. time tar cf - / --exclude /mnt --exclude /proc --exclude $save\ | gzip -c > $save/tester.tar.gz |
이 스크립트는 back.up.all과 동일하게 동작한다. 단지 NFS 대신 ssh을 이용한다는 것이 다를 뿐이다.
#! /bin/sh # Back up the entire system to another computer's drive. To make this # work, we need a convenient chunk of disk space on the remote # computer. This version uses ssh to do its transfer, and compresses # using bz2. This means this script has to know more about the other # computer, which does not make for good modularization. # Time-stamp: <2001-11-19 09:19:48 ccurley back.up.all.ssh> # Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the # Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your # option) any later version. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # General Public License for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along # with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., # 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA # You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/ # For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at # http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/. save="/backs/tester" backup_server="charlesc" # rotate the old backups. Do it all in one line to minimze authentication overhead. ssh $backup_server "rm $save/tester.tar.old.bz2; mv $save/tester.tar.bz2 \ $save/tester.tar.old.bz2" # save everything except /mnt, /proc, and squid directories. time tar cf - / --exclude /mnt --exclude /proc --exclude /var/spool/squid\ | ssh $backup_server "bzip2 -9 > $save/tester.tar.bz2" |
이 스크립트는 back.up.all 스크립트를 이용해서 백업한 경우 복구하기 위해 사용하는 것이다.
#! /bin/sh # A script to restore all of the data from an nfs mount. This is our final # stage restore. # Time-stamp: <2001-11-19 09:21:22 ccurley restore.all> # Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the # Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your # option) any later version. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # General Public License for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along # with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., # 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA # You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/ # For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at # http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/. export save="/mnt/save" mount $save cd / gunzip -dc $save/tester.tar.gz | tar -xpkf - rm /var/run/*.pid lilo |
이 스크립트는 back.up.all.ssh을 이용하여 백업했을 때 사용하는 복구 스크립트이다.
#! /bin/sh # A script to restore all of the data using ssh and bunzip2. This is # our final stage restore. # Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley. # Time-stamp: <2001-11-19 09:21:33 ccurley restore.all.ssh> # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the # Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your # option) any later version. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # General Public License for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along # with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., # 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA # You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/ # For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at # http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/. save="/backs/tester/" backup_server="charlesc" cd / ssh $backup_server "cat $save/tester.tar.bz2" | bunzip2 | tar -xpkf - rm /var/run/*.pid lilo |
위의 SSH 스크립트는 보안에 있어 문제가 있을 수 있다. 방화벽 위에서 스크립트들이 실행된다면, 방화벽은 SSH을 통하여 백업 서버에 접근을 허가해야만 한다. 이 경우에 있어, 영리한 크래커는 백업서버를 크랙할 수도 있을지 모른다. 백업서버에서 백업과 복구 스크립트를 실행하고, 백업 서버로 하여금 방화벽에 접근하도록 하는 것이 좀더 안전한 방법이 될 수 있을 것이다. 이상이 왜 이 스크립트들이 존재하는 가에 대한 이유이다. 이것들을 get.x와 restore.x로 이름을 바꾸어라. 여기서, x는 대상 컴퓨터의 이름이다. 대상 컴퓨터의 호스트 이름을 사용할 수 있도록($target 변수의 초기화) 스크립트들을 편집하거나 명령어 줄에 인수로 사용할 수 있도록 스크립트를 다시 써야 한다.
이 스크립트들은 단지 일단계 백업과 복구만이 아니라, 대상 컴퓨터를 완전히 백업하고 복구한다. 또한 만약 오류가 있는 ZIP disk를 교체할 필요가 있을 경우에, get.tester 스크립트는 ZIP disk 또한 백업한다.
나는 이 스크립트들을 주기적으로 사용한다.
#! /bin/sh # Back up another computer's drive to this system. To make this work, we # need a convenient chunk of disk space on this computer. This version # uses ssh to do its transfer, and compresses using bz2. This version was # developed so that the system to be backed up won't be authenticated to # log onto the backup computer. This script is intended to be used on a # firewall. You don't want the firewall to be authenticated to the backup # system in case the firewall is cracked. # Time-stamp: <2002-08-23 16:12:35 ccurley get.tester> # Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the # Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your # option) any later version. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # General Public License for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along # with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., # 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA # You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/ # For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at # http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/. # 2002 07 01: We now set the path on the target to the zip drive with # a variable. This fixes a bug in the command to eject the zip disk. # 2002 07 01: The zip disk archives are now in bzip2 format, so this # script has been changed to reflect that. # The host name of the computer to be backed up. target=tester zip=/mnt/zip echo Backing up $target echo Aging the ZIP disk backups. rm -r $target.old.zip mv $target.zip $target.old.zip ssh $target "modprobe ppa ; mount -r $zip" echo Copying the ZIP disk. # -r for recursive copy, -p to preserve times and permissions, -q for # quiet: no progress meter. scp -qpr $target:$zip $target.zip du -hs $target.zip echo Aging the archives rm $target.tar.old.bz2 mv $target.tar.bz2 $target.tar.old.bz2 echo Backing up $target to the backup server. ssh $target tar -cf - / --exclude /mnt --exclude /proc --exclude /var/spool/squid\ | bzip2 -9 | cat > $target.tar.bz2 echo Testing the results. find . -iname "*.bz2" | xargs bunzip2 -t ssh $target "eject $zip" |
#! /bin/sh # A script to restore all of the data to tester via ssh. This is our final # stage restore. # Time-stamp: <2001-11-19 09:22:01 ccurley restore.tester> # Copyright 2000 through the last date of modification Charles Curley. # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the # Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your # option) any later version. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but # WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # General Public License for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along # with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., # 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA # You can also contact the Free Software Foundation at http://www.fsf.org/ # For more information contact the author, Charles Curley, at # http://w3.trib.com/~ccurley/. # The host name of the computer to be restored. target=tester bunzip2 -dc $target.tar.bz2 | ssh $target "cd / ; tar -xpkf - " ssh $target lilo |